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followers, and research in botanical geography in Sweden was interrupted at
his death and was only revived in the latter part of the century.
Hew schools appeared in the classification of phanerogamous plants, a
brilliant representative of which was Elias Fries (1194—1878), who gathered round him
a great number of disciples. The various species were subjected to a closer
examination than Linnæus had been able to apply to them, and many of them were
subdivided into" several different species, a study which has had great significance
for the development of the idea of species. Elias Fries also created a natural
system containing many points which have since been adopted by modern
authors. He contributed by his popular work : Botanical Excursions to the
popularization of the science. He had many followers in the study of species,
among whom were Th. .1/. Fries (1832—1913) and K. J. Lindeberg (1815—
1900). K. J. Hartman (1190— 1849) published in 1820 a Scandinavian flora,
which has since gone through no less than eleven editions, the last six of which
were edited by the author’s son, K. Hartman (1824—84); this work has to a
high degree promoted the study of the Swedish flora and increased interest iu it.
Elias Fries.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century the study of cryptogams
awakened an greater attention than before among botanists. At that time also
Sweden possessed two great men iii the sphere of cryptogam research, namely
A. A. Agardh (1185—1859), who studied especially algae, and E. Fries, who
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