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iv. education and mental culture.
phenomena in general; for these achievements he received the Nobel Prize in
1903); H. G. Söderbaum (b. 1862; organic chemistry, agricultural chemistry);
K. A. Vesterberg (b. 1863; organic and analytical chemistry); K. W. Palmcer
(b. 1868; electro-chemistry); D. Strömholm (b. 1871; organic and physical
chemistry); H. von Euler-Chelpin (b. 1873; physical chemistry; bio-chemistry);
T. Svedberg (b. 1884; colloid chemistry). All these men are university
professors, or hold official positions at some public institution.
Mathematics.
Sweden, which early took up a distinguished position in several of the natural
sciences, was låte in asserting its position with regard to mathematics. The
brilliant and versatile physicist, S. Klingenstierna (1698—1765), celebrated
principally for his optical discoveries, was an eminent mathematician considering the
time in which he lived although he did not achieve any work which may be
considered as a link in the general development of mathematics. He occupied
a very prominent position as a teacher, and he introduced a system of
instruction at Uppsala which, unlike that at most other universities at the time,
fulfilled the scientific requirements of that period. The first important discoveries in
the department of pure mathematics in Sweden were made by a professor of
history at Lund, E. S. Bring (1736—98), who carried out the transformation of
quintic equations long before the Englishman Jerrard, who for a long time
received the credit of priority.
K. J. D. Hill (1793—1875) was a gifted mathematician and a prolific
writer on mathematical subjects. E. G. Björling (1808 — 72) and K. F. Lindman
(1816—1901) are known as investigatiors in the higher analysis and did signal
service as the authors of text-books.
K. J. Malmsten’s (1814—86) activities constitute an epoch in mathematical
studies in Sweden and his position in the history of mathematical science is
secured chiefly by his work on Euler’s summation formula. As professor at
Uppsala (1842—59) Malmsten in a short time raised the instruction in his
subject up to the general scientific standpoint of his time. Hj. Holmgren (1822
—85) aroused attention by his investigation of the differential calculus with
indices of all kinds; he possessed also a great talent as a teacher and lecturer.
The same may be said of F. V. Hultman (1829—79), who, like Björling, did
the greatest service to Swedish secondary education. K. E. Lundström (1840—
69) treated with great acuteness certain problems of the calculus of variations.
H. T. Daug (1828—88) and G. Dillner (1832—1906), both of whom were
professors at Uppsala, made contributions, the former in the department of
infinitesimal geometry and the latter in the department of the theory of
functions and the theory of differential equations.
During recent decades Swedish mathematicians have contributed in a quite
remarkable manner to the work of developing mathematical science and in
particular with regard to higher analysis. This development was very much
promoted by the foundation in 1881 of the University of Stockholm, and by
the founding in the following year of the international magazine "Acta
Mathema-tica" at Stockholm by G. Mittag-Leffler (see below). This magazine, to which
many of the most prominent mathematicians of the present day contribute,
occupies a particularly important position in modern mathematical research work.
The member of the editorial staff who, next to Mittag-Leffler, has done the
most work for it, is E. Phragmén (see below).
Although, as already mentioned, higher analysis has, on the whole, held a
predominating position, other branches of mathematics have not been left with-
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