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iv. education and mental culture.
Meteorological Office of Stockholm, which was established in that year; this
institute is under the supervision of the Academy of Sciences and its object is,
firstly, to superintend, edit, and publish the meteorological investigations made
under its control, and secondly, to maintain a telegraphic meteorological service,
with the object of keeping the public informed as fully and as reliably as
possible with regard to present and approaching weather, especially in the
interests of navigation and agriculture. Weather forecasts for the following day
began to be published in 1880 and storm warnings on the west coast of Sweden
as låte as 1905. These were gradually extended to the south coast, and in
1913 it was decided to arrange a similar service for the east coast. The storm
warning stations were established by F. Trybom (1850—1913) in the interests
of fishery, and are superintended by the Agricultural Board in conjunction
with the Central Meteorological Office; in 1912, there were 46 such stations,
in 12 of which special wind observations were carried out as a check on the
storm warnings. The directors of this office; have been B. Rubenson (1829
— 1902), H. E. Hamberg (b. 1847) director from 1902 to 1913, and N.
El-holm (b. 1848) from 1914.
In 1865, a series of meteorological observations was instituted at Uppsala
under the supervision of G. Svanberg (1802—82) and under the direction of
Rubenson for every hour of the day; these observations were carried out by
voluntary observers, mostly students. In 1868, these were replaced for the most
part by self-recording instruments, constructed by A. G. Theorell (1834—75).
A number of phenomena, such as clouds, thunderstorms, and the aurora borealis,
necessarily continued, however, to be registered by personal observation. In
this manner arose at Uppsala a so-called First Class Meteorological Observatory,
the first of its kind in Sweden. From 1873 to 1907, the director was H. H.
Hildebrandsson (b. 1838), who was succeeded by F. Åkerblom (b. 1869). In
1878, this observatory, which up to that time had formed part of the
astronomical observatory, became an independent institution, and its director was
appointed professor of meteorology-.
In 1870, K. B. Lilliehöök (1809—90) established a regular system of
observations with respect to the ice conditions in Swedish navigable waters, which
observations were carried out by officials under the Pilotage Board (Lotsstyrelsen).
At the beginning of the seventies of last century, Hildebrandsson, in
conjunction with local agricultural societies, instituted a system of so-called Fourth
Class Stations, at which notes were taken as to ice conditions, thunderstorms,
and frosty nights, and on phenomena connected with the vegetable and animal
kingdoms. Subsequently this system was placed under the supervision of the
Central Meteorological Office. At the same time he established an
international system of observations of the movement of clouds, in particular of
cirrus clouds. In 1878, H. E. Hamberg also in conjunction with the local
agricultural societies, instituted a system of so-called Third Class Stations,
principally for the purpose of taking daily measurements of atmospheric
precipitation, but also partly for observing the temperature of the air, etc. This
system is likewise under the superintendence of the Central Meteorological
Office. During the years 1876 — 97, Hamberg conducted at this institute a
special investigation into the influence of the forests on the climate of Sweden.
In 1878, a Nauticco Meteorological Office was founded, which assumed the
superintendence of the above-mentioned stations established by Erdmann and
Kreuger and was at the same time charged with the task of supervising the
meteorological observations made there and at a number of other lighthouses
and on sea-going vessels, while conducting a number of measurements of the
water-level and other hydrographical observations on the coast and in the
lakes of Sweden. In addition, since the middle of the nineteenth century,
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