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scientific travels. geography.
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importance to geography. Among them may be mentioned, in Asia, Hj. Stolpe
(1841—1905) and F. Martin (born 1868), both ethnographers, and Hj. Sjögren
(born 1856), a geologist; in Africa, Y. Sjöstedt (1866), E. Lönnberg (1865),
L^Jägerskjöld (born 1867), IV. Kaudern (born 1881) and I. Trägårdh (born
1878), all zoologists; in Australia and Australasia, K. V. S. Aurivillius (1854
—99), E. Nyman (1866—1900), and E. Mjöberg (born 1882); in South America
C.Lindman (born 1856), G. Malme (born 1864), P. Dusén (born 1855), E. Fries
(1876), botanists and E. Boman (born 1869) and 0. Liljewalch (born 1888),
ethnographer.
In the history of geography and cartography, Sweden may quote the pioneer
works of A. E. Nordenskiöld, "Facsimile-atlas" (1889) and "Periplus" (1897);
in this department the studies of E. IV. Dahlgren (born 1848) of the French
voyages to the South Sea are of great importance.
It remains to say a few words as to how Sweden itself gradually became
known geographically.
It was comparatively låte that scientific geography first obtained a firm footing
in Sweden. Yet all the Universities (Lund 1884, Uppsala and Gothenburg 1901,
Stockholm High School of Commerce 1909, Stockholm University 1912) are now
places for teaching the subject. Immence importance is also to be attached to
the activity shown by the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography in
Stockholm, and not least to the magazine "Ymer", which came out in 1914 for
its thirty-fourth year of publication. Geographical Associations are also to be
found in Uppsala and Gothenburg.
A survey of the earlier history of Swedish Cartography down to about 1850
is presented by a work of S. Lönborg (born 1871). After various preliminary
investigations, A. Bureus was able to publish in 1611 the map of Northern
Scandinavia that has already been mentioned, and in 1626 it was followed by
yet another, including the whole of Scandinavia and the neighbouring countries.
By these maps a veritable giants’ stride forward was taken in the geographical
knowledge of the country. The land survey that was established in 1628 served
to collect more and more exact geographical material as to the portions of the
country already inhabited: and at the end of the 17th century it may be supposed
that the geographical outlines of the country were known by the workers in
all their characteristic features. The reader is referred for other works on
cartography to the section "Official Cartography".
In the latter portion of the Period of Political Greatness interest began to
be very generally aroused in journeys within Sweden itself, undertaken by men
of skill and experience, who were able to collect observations on a great variety of
subjects. The best known journeys are those of Urban Hjärne (1641—1724) and
of Olof Rudbeck, the Younger. In the Period of Liberty the value of the
accurate investigation of the country, carried out by specially equipped and
well-qualified travellers, was more and more recognized. Karl von Linné (1707—78)
was despatched by the Government of the day to different parts of the country,
and his descriptions of his numerous journeyings may be said, by their wealth
of ethnographical and geographical data, to be the best of the extensive literature
on the subject which saw the day, in the 18th century. The materials gained
in that manner have formed a basis for descriptive surveys of the whole country;
the most valuable of these will be that from the hand of Daniel Djurberg (1744
—1834), and one by K. V. A. Tham (1812—73): "A Description of the Realm
of Sweden", published 1849—55, but unfortunately not in a complete form.
During recent years a large amount of material has been collected bearing
on the history of the evolution of Sweden, the world of plants and animals,
climate, population and means of subsistence, and also respecting the hydrography
of surrounding seas. The weightiest of these works are mentioned in the second
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