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’630
iv. education and mental culture.
chapter of this volume, and here we will only refer to some of the most
fundamental in point of the country’s geography. An explanation of the Development
of the Mountain Chain was first given by A. E. Törnebohm (1838—1911).
The History of Quaternary Deposits and the formation of the soil has been
investigated by G. de Geer, who as early as 1896 included his observations in
a work The Geographical Development of Sweden after the Glacial Age,
and H. Munthe (born 1860). The former has also conducted epoch-making
enquiries on the chronology of the post-glacial period. The glaciers have been
thoroughly studied by many scientists. K. Ahlenius (1866—1906) made the seas
of Lappland his subject, while the elucidation of the hydrography of the inland
waters advances under the direction of A. Wallén (born 1877). The evolution
of organic life has been set in a new light by the study of peat-beds and other
formations; the results of such work are put together in The History of Swedish
Vegetation by Gunnar Andersson (born 1865). The whole science of modern
hydrography has been almost revolutionalised by investigations made by Otto
Pettersson (born 1848). For valuable, detailed geographical studies we have to
thank, among others, J. Frödin (born 1879), O. Sjögren (born 1881), H. Nelson
(born (1882), and S. De Geer (born 1886). Moreover, a mass of material has
been gathered together in the spheres of ethnography and language, although
elaboration has only proceeded so far that geographical results are forthcoming.
As the final result of all this work several monographs have been published
descriptive of larger or smaller regions in Sweden. A. G. Högbom (born 1857)
has edited a recently valuable survey of the geography of Norrland. A detailed
study of the Sarek-region, the highest mountain tract of Sweden, has been in
hand for several years under the direction of A. Hamberg; the results of this
work is under publication at the cost of the State. Moreover, it may readily
be asserted that the investigation of Norrland, and more particularly Lappland,
presents at the moment the greatest interest. Among other provinces of Sweden
the nature and people of Uppland have been minutely described some years
since.
There remains much to be done: even topographical maps are not yet entirely
complete, but investigation goes forward rapidly, and in a few years it will have
progressed still farther than is the case at present.
0. Nordenskjöld’s winter hut, 1902—03, on Snow-Hill Island.
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