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livelihood and professional training.
759
the authoress Ellen Key, social evenings have been set on foot and attended by
women artisans as well as ladies from the educated circles of society. These
evenings have consistently aroused great interest, and have contributed to a better
understanding between women of different grades in society. A still greater
influence has been exercised by societies, which, under the name of "Students and
workers" have operated in Stockholm, Gothenburg, and both the University cities.
As early as 1886 the association in Uppsala was started, but the one that
followed later in Stockholm soon attracted decidedly the greatest number of
members, of both sexes and of different professions and standing. Led by its
unflagging president, E. Laurent, medical doctor, it exercised, in the nineties
and in the beginning of this century, a wide-spread influence by means of
remarkable debates on social problems, and because the social evenings and
excursions were attended by both the labouring and the student classes. Of
låte years, political tendencies have very much hampered and limited the work
of the society.
The same idea of a closer union between the various classes of society, and
also between town and country, is partly responsible for the effort to induce
students to take a share in agricultural work during the summer vacations. But
it arises principally from providing "reading men" with necessary recreation at
a low cost, for they have to do adequate work for their board and lodging.
One Uppsala student took up the matter in real earnest in 1907. Very many
more have since seen the value of such labour in the summer. Their large
number is evident from the fact that, from one single secondary school
containing 101 pupils living in the town, as many as 39 partook in practical work
in the summer of 1910, and of these 26 as "harvesters".
Many enterprises work for the spread of social enlightenment and social
knowledge in general. The many-sided activity of the Central Association for social
work moves especially in this direction (see article). The associations for women’s
political franchise have kept social courses going in villages for some years. In
many provincial towns there are debating clubs, which arrange lectures and
discussions on social questions. Since 1903, on the initiative and under the
guidance of Anna Whitlock, principal of a school, common social instruction
for the higher classes of pupils in all the girls’ secondary schools in Stockholm
have been arranged, as well as in a number of the secondary schools for boys.
Lectures on social subjects are held, and visits are paid to different social
institutions. Such instruction has also come into vogue at Gothenburg in private
schools.
The need of meeting-places for the various undertakings in the extension of
education is commonly met by the use of schools, assembly rooms of temperance
societies, etc. In some industrial centres, large halls and libraries have been
built, chiefly by means of donations. This is the case at Grängesberg, where the
"Cassel Donation" amounts to V4 million kr., at Domnarvet, Sandviken, and other
places. In the country districts of Värmland, on the initiative of Mr M.
Hell-berg, an editor, small "people’s palaces" have been established which are
intended to be education centres for all classes of people.
Livelihood and Professional Training.
The measures to provide opportunities for work and educational
facilities for the masses are becoming increasingly extensive in these days. In
the first place, it is a matter of providing opportunities for young people
to acquire satisfactory training for their future callings in life. It has
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