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agricultural implements.
73
Other cultivated plants
are of small importance for Swedish agriculture. Some data are
given respecting the cultivation of flax and tobacco in the
corresponding-sections of the chapter on Swedish Industries. Rape, which was formerly
cultivated to a fairly great extent in Skåne, Southern Halland, and in
the island of Gottland is seldom cultivated nowadays.
The entire area of cultivated land which is employed for the production
of other plants than grain, root-crops, or fodder-plants, amounted in 1911
to no more than 1 634 hectares, 1 531 hectares of which were devoted to
flax.
Agricultural Implements.
In Sweden, as in most other countries, agricultural implements long remained
at a very primitive standpoint and consisted for the most part of some few
homemade tools. The strenuous efforts to improve the state of agriculture which
arose at the close of the wars at the beginning of the 19th century found
expression, too, in the introduction, principally by the efforts made by the
newly-established Academy of Agriculture, of new, improved models of agricultural
implements, chiefly of English origin. During this time, for example, was
introduced the Scotch plough, on Small’s model, provided with a share and
mould-board, which more and more supplanted the native ironshod wooden ploughs, of
which various types were in use in various districts. There were also introduced
the ridging-plough, the extirpator, sowing machines of various kinds,
winnowing-machines etc.
The new implement-models, however, were at first only adopted on the
manor-farms, the peasantry holding stubbornly to their older forms. The new
models, however, soon came into great demand after the establishment,
commencing with the forties, of a fairly large number of Swedish factories for the
manufacture of agricultural implements; amongst these may be mentioned
Koc-kum’s at Malmö, Keiller’s in Gothenburg, Överrum in Kalmar Län, Nävekvarn,
Hällefors, Åker- and Nykvarn in Södermanland, Breven’s Factory in Närke,
Forsvik in Värmland, and Furudal and Dalfors in Dalarne. In addition to this, the
newly-established agricultural institutes (schools and liighschools) actively contributed
to the spread of the new implement-models, the implements being manufactured at
the said schools and the pupils being made accustomed to their use. During the
course of time, several additional foreign, and not a few new Swedish, models
were adopted; the latter were usually modified constructions of foreign types.
Such were the swing-plough, founded on Small’s and the native
Värmland-plough, the Åker- and Furudal-ploughs, on American models, the Scotch
rhomboidal-and the English zig-zag harrow, broadcast corn-distributors and drills, horse-hoes,
horse-rakes on wheels, etc.
During the sixties and seventies there took place a considerable import of
English and American implements, but, at the same time, there was brought
about a concentration of the home manufacture, the greater number of the
smaller factories ceasing to exist, while several of the older factories, such as
Overrum’s, Munktell’s, and Keiller’s, and some newly-established works, such as
Thermænius, at Hallsberg, and the Västerås Mechanical Workshops, were
enlarged, and commenced the manufacture of various newly-introduced types. Nu-
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