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74
iii. rural husbandry.
merous exhibitions, too, contributed largely to making the new
implement-models known and spread in all parts of the country and among the great
bulk of the farmers. During this period, too, hay-making and harvesting
machines, tiger-horse-rakes and peg-drum-threshing-machines were introduced and were
soon manufactured within Sweden, too.
This development has continued ever since. New implement-models have
been introduced from abroad, such as the multiple ploughs, the ring- and
Cambridge rollers corn-screens, etc. in the eighties; the American ploughs with
skim coulter, share and mould-board of hard-tempered steel; springtooth- and
discharrows, binder harvesters in the nineties, and extirpators on wheels and
petrol-motors, in the first decade of the present century. Several native
constructions, too, have been brought into the market, such as C. M. Wiberg’s (of
Ransta) "slad"-harrow and artificial manure-spreader and the balance-horse rake.
Above all, the Swedish constructors have gained a notably prominent place in
the sphere of dairy-machine technics and milking-machines, for a more detailed
account of which the reader is referred to the section on the dairy-industry.
By means of new constructions and, above all, by alterations in older forms,
the implement-market has been enriched with a number of various types suited
to various conditions and available capital. Simultaneously, the technical
perfection of the manufacture has also made progress, this having been essentially
aided by the various factories devoting themselves to certain specialities, and
that with such success that, nowadays, they not only render foreign-made goods
unnecessary but can also compete with them in the foreign markets. Among
the most prominent Swedish productions of agricultural implements may be
mentioned: ploughs from Överrum, Norrahammar, Kockum’s in Malmö, and Arvika;
spring-tooth-harrows from överrum, Norrahammar and Kockum’s; "slad"-harrows
from Wibergs in Ransta; drills from Västerås Farming Implements Co. and
the Gävle Field-Implements Co., and the Overrum’s and Ystad Factories; mowers
from Overrum’s, the Västerås Farming Implements Co. and the Arvika Factory;
horse-rakes from Västerås Farming Implements Co., Katrineholm’s and Overrum’s
Factories; threshing-machines from Munktell’s in Eskilstuna and Thermænius’ at
Hallsberg; steam-locomobiles from Munktell’s and petrol-motors from Svensson’s
Factory at Augustendal, Bolinder’s in Stockholm, etc.
The introduction of public tests of implements has, in some degree,
contributed to the improvement in the manufacture of implements, and to the enforced
withdrawal from the market of goods of second-class workmanship.
As early as the seventies there commenced, in connection with the general
agricultural meetings, practical testings of farming implements the object of
which was to facilitate the judging. By means of a magnificent gift of the A.B.
Separator in 1896, it became possible to establish regular implement-testing
centres at Ultuna and Alnarp, at which agricultural high schools the work has
since continued, being nowadays entirely supported by State grants.
Horticulture and Floriculture.
The area of the gardens and orchards of Sweden is reckoned for 1911 at
45 719 hectares, corresponding to about 1-25 % of the cultivated soil.
Until the eighties of the last century horticulture had been carried on
mainly in the manor-houses, and with the object of supplying the proprietor
with garden products. What was not consumed for the household was sold
in the towns. At this time, however, people began to realize pretty generally
the importance of horticulture as a branch of industrjr. The cultivation
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