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REGISTRATIONS OP FIRMS.
701
ment. There are two kinds of "economic societies", namely, those in which the
members are not liable for the engagements of the firm (in Swedish: förening
"utan personlig ansvarighet", abbreviated "u. p. a."), and those in which the
members are liable for a limited amount (förening "med begränsad personlig
ansvarighet", abbreviated, "m. b. p. a."). Cf. also p. I, 695.
As to other kinds of societies, such as societies with ideal aims, and societies
formed by those belonging to the same profession or trade for mutual benefit
but with other aims than the "economic societies", they are not at present
covered by legislation. The regulations which do apply to them in the Liberty
of Trade Ordinance (Näringsfrihetsförordning §§13 and 14) are now obsolete.
(Cf. p. I, 647.)
Registrations of Firms.
The .Swedish law requires that the names of firms shall be registered.
The register of firms, which is called handelsregister, is kept at Stockholm
by the Överståthållareämbetet, the Office of the High Governor, in other
towns by Magistraten, the Magistracy, and in the country by Konungens
befaliningshavande, the Governor of the Län.
All those, whether private persons or companies who desire to carry on
trade or business, for which keeping of merchant’s books is compulsory, are
obliged to have their firm entered in the handelsregister. The following
categories, however, are exempt from this rule: shipowners and shipping companies,
who are subject to special regulations with regard to the registrations of their
ships; joint-stock companies, and the various kind of banking companies which
are filed in the central register of joint-stock companies; societies formed with
economic objects, which, if they have to be registered at all, are filed in the
local register of societies. Private companies may, in certain cases, be registered
in the handelsregister, and are then deemed to be handelsbolag (partnerships).
Personal firms shall contain the surname of the proprietor, with or without
the Christian name, and the firm name shall not contain anything which
indicates that the firm is owned by a company or a society.
The firm of a handelsbolag (partnership) shall, where the names of all the
members of the company are not contained in the firm, contain the name of
one of them, with some addition indicating that there are several members.
Notice of registration shall be made in writing prior to businesss being
commenced. (Laws of 1887 and 1895, Ordinance of 1887.)
The register of joint-companies (ahtiebolagsregister) is kept by the Patents and
Registration Office, and all joint-stock companies are obliged to file their firms in
this register. Joint-stock companies whose articles of association must be
submitted for Government sanction (banking, insurance, railway companies, etc.,)
are registered as soon the required sanction has been obtained. Other
companies are filed in the register immediately after the articles of association have
been passed. Alterations in the constitution of the company shall be immediately
submitted for registration. (Laws of 1903, 1910, 1911, Ordinances of 1903,
1911.)
The register of societies (föreningsregister) is kept by the Governor of the
Läü. (Law of 1911, and Ordinance of 1911.)
The statements entered in the register shall be published in the official
gazette. The Patents Office issues annually a serial publication containing matter
compiled from the register. (Ordinance of 1911.)
The proprietor of a firm entered in the handelsregister may empower another
to act on his behalf and sign his firm by procuration; in this case the procura-
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