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of the sea, the 3rd A.ugust 1881, a deepsounding was made by
the Holland expedition on board of the Willem Barentz 1 with
the following result.
in fathoms Temp. Density
0 + 8.2 1.006
i + 6.2 1.009
2 + 1.7 1.020
»> o — 1 1.0236
5 — 1.5 1.0247
7 1.5 1.0249
10 1.6 1.0244
20 1.6 1.0244
30 1.0 1.0254
40 — 1 1.0168
55 — 1.4 1.022
The abrupt change in the quality of the water, which
takes place at a depth of 2 fathoms, is very remarkable.
Another example. In the beginning of July 1879 the ice began
to thaw at Pitlekaj, the winter harbour of the Vega. The
7th of that month, 11 days before the ship escaped from its icy
boundaries, the saltness of the waterstrata was found to be:
in metres Temp, (observed) Saltness i
0. + 4°.i o O
5 + 0.G 0.13
7 — 1.0 2.3
10 — O.o 3.0
These considerations led me to adopt the following plan.
Wishing to direct the experimental research principally to
those phenomena, which are found to be of preponderating
importance in nature, I resolved to study separately the
change of heat and volume by the freezing of
1. pure water (chapter 3, Tab: I, II, III.)
2. brackish water of little saltness (chapter 4, Tab: IV, V.)
3. oceanwater of ordinary saltness (chapter 4, Tab: VI.).
I will first devote a couple of lines to the results already
obtained by other investigators.
The properties *)f pure water being a subject of
fundamental importance to physical science as well as to hydro-
1 Verslagen omtrent den vierden tocht van de Willem Barentz naer
de Yszee in den Zoomer van 1881., page 52. The author observes: »het
warme lichte water van de oppervlakte is slechts een groote vaam diep en
beweegt zich vrij zeker in eene andere richting als de koude onderstroom».
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