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I II III
%t° c extract from the 8ti> column of the table t° c extract from the 8<l> column of the table t° c extract from the 8<1> column of the table
— 7°.oo — 6°.oo — 4°-35 3 -35 — S\o5 — 7°-°5
O.OOOI73 O.OOOI74 O.OOOI69
o o 0.000171 — o°.S5 O.OOOI6S — 4° .05 O.OOOI69
— 3°.oo 0.000174 — o°-75 0.000161 — 3°°5 0.000170
o 0 n 1 0.000161 — o°.65 0.000166 — 2°.05 0.000170
— i°.oo 0.000160 — o°.55 0.000158 — i°o5 0.000170
— o°.5o 0.000151 — o\45 0.000145 — °°-55 q.oooioo
0 °o 1 0.000137 — o°-35 0.000142 — °°-35 0.000089
— °°-39 0.000135 — o°.25 0.000163 — o°.25 — 0.000361
— 0°.20 0.000149 — o\i5 0.000118 — o°.i5 — 0.001663
— o°.i5 0.000063 — 0^.05 0.000050 — o°.o5 — 0.008057
— o°.Q3 — 0.000012 — o’.03 — 0 007751 — 0.03 — 0.03638 ...
i Oo o — 0.000689 — o°.oi — 0.1258... — 0°.02 — 0.09668 .. .
The different behavior of these samples of ice before
melting is obvious, and yet from an analytical point of view
they must be regarded as pure water, since no impurity can
be detected by chemical agencies in I & II and only slight
traces- of chlorine etc.... were found in III.
If we admit, that minimal quantities of foreign substances
are the real cause of the peculiar behavior of the ice-samples
I, TI and III, we will be justified in concluding, that all kinds
of ice or snow occurring in nature will show this irregularity
in a still higher degree. The purest ice, that covers a
highland lake in winter, wrill scarcely be as free from impurities
as ice from destilled water (Number III) but will probably
contain a minimal quantity of calcium-salts, sulphates etc,
which must occasion a greater irregularity of expansion than
that shown in table III. A transparent block of bluish
gla-cier-ice will hardly surpass III in purity and in all cases be
inferior to II. Consequently we must acknowledge the fact.
that the ice-masses of the glaciers are liable to contraction of volume
at temperatures below their melting point, a circumstance, which
henceforth can not be left without consideration in the theory
of glaciers.
Although the contraction of volume, which precedes the
melting of the ice, may be new to science, there is no lack of
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