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water of little saltness, which is abundantly expanded over the
arctic sea from the æstuaries of the great Siberian rivers. I
therefore considered it a question of importance to examine
the behavior of ice, which has been formed under similar
conditions. Among the material collected by the Vega expedition
and forwarded to me, there was however no samples of water
formed by melting of real arctic ice. Still I deemed it
indispensable to test the properties of such ice, which really
had existed as ice in the sea and therefore tried by the kind
assistance of Captain Malmberg, Director of the Swedish
Nautical Meteorological Bureau, to obtain samples of sea ice
from several places of the Baltic and likewise from the coast
of Bohuslàn. Minute instructions, enjoining the necessary
precautions to be taken in collecting the ice, were issued from
the Bureau to the functionaries of the pilot office, and every
sample was accompanied by a report. The specimen chosen
for the first of the following experiments was collected in
February or March 1880 in the midst of the Baltic sea just
outside the harbor of Wisby. After the termination of the
experiment, the specific gravity, the latent heat and the percentage
of chlorine were ascertained immediately in the same quantity
of water, tvliich had been employed in the dilatometer. The water
quantity was just sufficient for these purposes. But for the
chlorine determination the sample was found to be scanty.
I therefore made another titration with a greater quantity of
the original ice-water.
Original sample. Ice-water IV.
spec. gr. at qjp C ...................... 1.00030
p. c. of Cl ..................... O.016 0.014
I consider this specimen of ice to be a good representative
of that kind of arctic ice, which is commonly called bay-iee.
A sample of such ice, which I found myself in July 1882 in
Danes Gat at Spitzbergen, contained O.014 % chlorine. Another
sample from the Ice-fiord contained O.010 % Cl. But the
manifold gradation in the saltness of the polar ice, whereof the
reader will get an idea by a glance at the tables in the next
chapter, forbids us to rely exclusively on conclusions drawn
from the examination of a single specimen. Besides, the
percentage of chlorine is no adequate critérium of the chemical
constitution of ice [although it is a good standard of
comparison for seawater], on account of the chemical metamorphosis,
which gradually takes place in the ice. Therefore I chose for
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