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We must now try to get an idea of the bearing of the
above results 1 on the phenomena, which really take place in
the arctic sea. On plate 21 wre will find representations of the
most prominent kinds of polar ice. I have ventured to
establish the following types of ice, partly from their manner of
formation, partly from the resemblance in their chemical
composition shown by titration. We may understand }he red line
III approximately to designate the volumes of fresh water-ice,
as for example the glacier-ice. The changes in the volume of
such ice are most uniform and regular, and therefore the
ice-blocks and icebergs arriving from the ice fiords of Greenland
will conserve their form and size longer than any other kind
of ice, in spite of the abrupt changes of atmospheric
temperature, which the icebergs must be exposed to, incomparably
more than all other kinds of ice. This ice will survive the
mouldering process, which incessantly frets upon such ice as
contains a minimal quantity of salt, even at low temperatures,
and will succumb only to the influence of a warmer
atmosphere or to the corrosion of the warm water of the Atlantic
upon its base. But we may see from the abruptly sloping
branch of curve III, that just in the vicinity of the
melting-point destruction rapidly approaches the solid framework of
the ice-colosses; an extremely little variation in temperature
will cause expansions or contractions in the mass, which may
suffice to carve out and split the gigantic structures into
fantastical shapes.
The Curve IV will give us a representation of the
volumes of old bay-ice and of the freshly formed ice of brackish
water [see page 308 & 309]. Also the ice of the torosses or
hummocks, which has been long exposed to the air, belongs to
this type (see the titrations on page 308 by Nordenskiöld,
Palander, Almqvist a. 0. on samples of toross-ice).
According to the analytical determination on page 307 the
constitution of sample V accords well with that of the new bay-ice,
which successively formed during the winter at the coast of
Pitlekaj. The titrations by Nordenskiöld a. 0. indicate a
percentage of chlorine of about O.n.. in such ice. We may
therefore consider V to represent the type of ice, which in
the winter covers the bays and fiords of the arctic sea. In
the sample VI we meet with an exact counterfeit2 of that
1 Owing to the system of observation, adopted in the experimental
series V, B and VI, B, the arrangement of the numbers enumerated in the
tables is somewhat different from the usual.
2 According to its manner of formation (see page 291).
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