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of the Taimur bay, at 77° Lat. N. At the bottom, however, the
temperature was found — 1° C immediately north of Port
Dickson. On the sections III, IV, V we can trace the isotherm
of — 0°.5 C, which continually rises, until it reaches the
surface of the sea a few miles east of Cape Tcheljuskin. Thus
the Kara Sea north and east of the rivers Obi and Yenisei is
covered by a layer of almost fresh flowing water, which at
73° 30’ Lat. occupies the entire depth of the sea (about 20 metres),
from the surface to the bottom showing a temperature of + 6°
to + 9° C, and then becomes gradually thinner and colder as
it spreads wider to the north. In the highest latitudes ever
reached by ship in the Kara Sea its original character of a
fresh water stream is still well recognizable. This stream
contains the united water-masses of the Obi and the Yenisei.
On section II we can trace the influence of each river
separately in the temperature of the surface, which shows two
maxima, one at 75°.3o Long. E. G. [the Obi-stream] = + 6°.s C
the other south of Port Dickson [the Yenisei-stream] = + 8°.9 C.
A close scrutiny of the numbers on the map reveals to us
the fact, that each current deviates considerably to the east,
an observation, which, as we will see further below, is equallv
applicable to all rivers of Siberia. 1
1 These conclusions, which I will try to prove subsequently from the
observations of the Vega-expedition, are already foreshadowed in the
program of the expedition, presented in July, 1877, by Professor Nordenskiöld
to H. M. the King [see: Vegas färd kring Asien och Europa, page 11 of the
Swedish edition],
»Between Port Dickson and the Beli-Island a mighty current of fresh
water flows in northerly direction. As the influence of the earth’s rotation
at these latitudes upon currents moving in the direction of the meridian is
very considerable it must impart an easterly direction to the flowing water.
Therefore the rjver-water from the Obi—Yenisei must flow as an isolated
stream along the Taimur coast as for as Cape Tcheljuskin, w’here it becomes
free to spread farther to the north-east or east. At 74° Lat. N, in calm
weather, I have observed a temperature of + 9°.i C of the water north of
the embouchure of the Yenisei [17lh Aug. 1875] and 8° C north of the
Obi River [10th Aug. that year]. As usual this stream from the south gives
rise to an undercurrent of cold wrater, which by tempests mixes with the
superficial layer and makes its temperature sink. Likewise it engenders a
cold icy sidewise current at the surface in the opposite direction, which, on
account of the earth’s rotation, takes a westerly direction and makes its
way between Cape Tcheljuskin and the north point of Novaya Zemlya
towards the east side of that island. This is probably the cause of the
heaping of the drift-ice at this coast in summer. According to my own
experience and to the unanimous statement of the crews of the Norwegian
whaling ships this ice melts away in autumn completely.»
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