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by the stream, in spite of a heavy gale from N and NNW
blowing the whole day. 1
According to the observations of Captain Johannesen2
in 1870, one part of the stream takes a southerly direction
along the coast of Novaya Zemlya,3 while another part seems
to round the. northern point of that island and penetrate
further into the arctic sea.
»Nach Johannesen treffen an dem nordöstlichsten Ende
von Nowaja Semlä zwei Strömungen zusammen, von denen
die eine von Westen kommt, der ganzen West- und Nordküste
des Landes folgend, eine Fortsetzung des Golfstromes, die
andere von Süden, eine Fortsetzung der Gewässer des Obi
und Jenissei.»
As already mentioned, there begins to appear immediately
north of Port Dickson and the 74th parallel a layer of cold
and salt water at the bottom of the sea beneath the warm and
fresh river-water at its surface. This is proved sufficiently
by the deep-soundings in section XI [on plate 26]. I consider
this cold stratum to be an influx of water from the arctic
ocean 4 caused by the mechanical reaction of the surface water
in motion upon the deeper layers.
The principle of this phenomenon is discussed in the
paper upon the general causes of the ocean-currents, by Prof.
F. L. Ekman, who shows, that every river, which flows into
the sea, gives rise to an under current of sea-water directed
towards its embouchure. If there is no bank at the mouth
of the river, which stops the intercourse of the deeper strata,
the salt water from the ocean also penetrates into the bed of
the river. Mr. Ekman has minutely studied a very
remarkable example of this kind of under-current, which occurs in
the Göta-Elf at Gothenburg.
»Here an under-current of salt water from the Kattegatt
enters the Elfsborg-fiord towards the mouth of the river, where
the salter water rises higher and nearer to the surface the
more the stream approaches the embouchure of the river, so
1 See the report of Dr. Kjellman in the description of the Swedish
•expedition in 1875 to the Yenisei river [Bih. K. V. A. Handl. B. 4 N:o 1],
2 »Die Erschliessung eines Theils des nördl. Eismeeres in 1870»,
Peter-mann, Mittli. 1870, see also: Kapitän Johannesen’s Umfahrung v. Nowaja
Semlä im Sommer 1870, ibid.
s The original map (manuscript) of Captain Johannesen’s voyage,
on which the direction of this stream is marked out, is in the possession
of Prof. Nordenskiöld.
4 See the programme of the expedition bv Nordenskiöld 1. c.
22
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