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the erection (in 1752) of the fort of Petropavlovsk, which
through a chain of smaller Kossack forts was connected
with the fort of Omsk to the east and with the military
lines of Orenburg to the west. Protected by these forts,
Russian colonists penetrated farther and farther into the
steppe both to the north and south, and occupied the richest
and best land. The first colonists were Kossacks who moved
in from South Russia. It was not before 1870 that the
Russian peasants began to colonise these steppes. This
colonisation was partly forced and partly voluntary.
In order to people the steppe and Russify the Kirgises
the Government selected peasants from European Russia
and sent them to places specially assigned for their
settlement. [1] Here, however, as well as in other parts of Siberia,
official experiments of this kind did not turn out well,
owing to the unsuitableness of the places selected for
settlement and other causes. The voluntary colonisation, on the
other hand, has always succeeded better. During the
27 years between 1869 and 1896 the number of Russian
colonists in Akmolinsk has increased from 101,910 to
258,747.
This great influx of immigrants has caused much misery
and dissatisfaction both among the Kirgises and the
colonists, and officials have been from time to time appointed
to settle the troubles by assigning suitable land for
colonisation to the colonists and suitable pasture-grounds to the
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