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pavements, a few boards only being laid down in some of the
better streets. Nor is there anything in the shape of drains
or sewers; the refuse being thrown out on the streets and
filling the air with an unexampled series of stenches, to
which the epidemics which prevail are doubtless in great
measure due. Apart from a large number of officials, the
police and the merchants, the population consists mainly
of exiles from all parts of Russia and Siberia, and of Yakuts.
As I have already said, it was the adventurous hunters
and trappers of the early days who first opened the way
for the Russian dominion eastward through Siberia, the
Kossacks following in their track, and enrolling them as
guides and fellow-brigands. Part of these adventurers
coming from Tobolsk through Turukansk on the lower
Yenisei, followed the course of the Lower Tunguskaya to its
head-waters, whence they crossed the water-divide to the
upper Vilui, went down this river, and from its confluence
with the Lena ascended the last-named river to the place
where the town of Yakutsk now stands. Another party of
the invaders, coming from the town of Yeniseisk, followed
the course of the tributaries of the Yenisei, the Ilim and
Yerma, eastward, crossed the divide, and descended the
Lena viâ the Kut and other streams to Yakutsk. It was
one of the chiefs of these freebooters, Beketoff by
name, who erected the fort of Yakutsk in 1636. These
different bands of adventurers having robbed and massacred
the natives, quarrelled amongst themselves over the rich
booty they had secured, until the robbers of Tobolsk
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