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etc.), make about 30 to 40 roubles during the winter and
60 to 70 roubles during the whole year. The system of
flogging the working people is still practised; the
truck-system is general, and work in the Siberian industries has
often the character of forced labour.
The Trans-Siberian railway will no doubt cause great
changes. It has already given the death-blow to the fair
at Irbit and to several other centres of commerce, which
will be supplanted by others or simply disappear; and in
addition to the immense influx of immigrants of which I
have written in other chapters, it has attracted a large
number of adventurers and some foreign capital, mostly
Belgian. These are some of its principal results up to date.
Educational and spiritual development in Siberia is still
less marked. According to Yadrintseff, only 0.38 per cent
of the entire population visit any school, [1] and the quality
of this microscopic amount of popular instruction is, as a
rule, very inferior. The first attempt at the spread of
higher education—namely, the establishment of the University
of Tomsk, was effected by private energy and generosity,
and it still has to fight with numberless obstacles
intentionally placed in the way of the light which shows signs of
glimmering in the general darkness.
Reviewing the history of Siberia we invariably find
that most of the little progress which has been made towards
a happier state of things in this “most distressful country”,
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