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Canada’s Pulp and Paper Industry
More than half of the territory of Canada’s ten provinces is covered with
trees. Her forested area spreads over a million and a quarter square miles,
This is more than 3.3 million square kilometres, or six times the size of France.
Two-thirds of Canada’s forests are productive, while one-third is at present
accessible. These forests are crisscrossed by numerous waterways with a
known hydro-electric potential of more than 50 million horsepower of which
only ten million has been harnessed.
By far the larger part of the world demand for wood is for softwood, or
coniferous species. Canada possess the principal reserves of softwoods within
the Commonwealth, and these include large supplies of the most desirable
varieties—spruces, balsam, Douglas fir, western hemlock, western red cedar, and
white, red and other pines. In addition, the eastern provinces furnish hard-
woods, such as birches, maples and elms, which are particularly useful for
special purposes.
So, with the two essential resources, softwood and water, Canada has
become a large producer of paper. All told, there are 131 pulp and paper mills
in Canada. These are generally located where wood and water are found in
abundance: in British Columbia on the west coast where spruce and fir
grow to giant size; in Ontario and Quebec, and in New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, and Newfoundland. Quebec, rich in forest and stream, has the
greatest number of pulp and paper mills.
Two pulping methods are used. The mechanical process, in which the
wood is reduced to fibre by pressing against large revolving grindstones,
produces groundwood pulp. In the chemical process small chips of wood are
cooked at high temperature and under pressure in a chemical liquor. Three
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