Full resolution (JPEG) - On this page / på denna sida - II. Udsigt over skibsvæsenet i Norge fra de ældste tider indtil middelalderens slutning / Review of the condition and progress of shipping in Norway, from the earliest period, to the close of the middle ages
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13
denne henseende har lignet Nydamsbaaden, men snarere,
at der, ligesom paa Bayeuxbroderiets skibe, har været
huller i siderne for derigjennem at stikke aarerne, hvad
der nedenfor vil blive nærmere omtalt.
Skjønt vi saaledes ved Tunebaaden for første gang
fik virkelige levninger af en farkost, som gjennem umid-
delbart øjesyn kunde give en forestilling om beskaf-
fenheden af vikingetidens skibe, vil dog denne forestilling
kun blive meget indskrænket, naar vi ej tillige tage hen-
syn til, hvad der kan sees af de gamle skrifter eller teg-
ninger, ihvorvel begge for største delen tilhøre en meget
senere tid. Ved hjelp af disse oplysninger gaar jeg der-
for over til at vise vort skibsvæsens beskaffenhed gjen-
nem middelalderen og i den orden, som synes at ligge
nærmest.
Hvad der var det oftest anvendte materiale ved
skibsbygningen, lader sig naturligvis ikke afgjøre. Dog kan
det dels af Tuneskibet og dels ellers sees, at man ogsaa
brugte eketræ dertil, hvad der ogsaa viser sig af saa-
danne benævnelser som eikja og eikjukarfi.
Som verktøj, der maa have været brugt ogsaa ved
saadanne arbeider, havde man i den yngre jernalder,
efter hvad gravfundene vise, forskjellige slags øxe, kniv,
hammer, tang, ambolt, fil, bor, meisel, sag og høvl, skjønt
den sidste vistnok kun blev meget lidet anvendt, hvilket
ogsaa gjelder sagen, da denne kun var liden og desuden
blot tjente til at overskjære træet, idet man med gjen-
nemsagningen paa langs hos os neppe begyndte før ned
i det 16de hundredaar.
i overvejende grad blev anvendt, og til finere arbeide
Øxebruget var derfor det, som
kniven.
I den ældre Gulathingslov fra midten af det 10de
hundredaar nævnes som arbeidsfolk, der vare virk-
somme ved bygningen af de ledingsskibe (leidangrsskip),
skibrederne pligtede at skaffe til kongens søtoge,to slags:
tømmermænd (stafnsmidr) og bordarbeidsmænd (filungr
af fjöl, fjæl), og det samme var vel tilfældet ogsaa ellers.
De første dannede skelettet, de andre tæljede bordene og
satte dem sammen. Ugelennen for hver af temmermen-
dene var 2 sex alens ører (sex alna eyrir), det vil sige
af 6 alen vadmels værdi, medens bordarbeidsmanden kun
fik halvdelen.
vilde beløbe sig til i vore penge, kan neppe gjøres med
At udregne, hvormeget en saadan øre
nogen sikkerhed.
In this respect it can still scarcely be presumed, that
the vessel resembled the Nydam’s boat, but rather then,
as exhibited on ships in the Bayeux-tapestry, holes have
been made in the sides, in which to place the oars,
an arrangement to be dwelt on hereafter.
Although the Tune boat was the first to furnish us
with the actual relics of a vessel that by direct view
could show the character of vessels belonging to the
Viking period, this representation would be very scanty,
were not also that which is to be ascertained from per-
usal of ancient authors and from drawings, taken into
consideration, though both for the greater part belong to
a much less remote period. With the aid therefore of
these illustrations I proceed to set forth the character
of our ships throughout the middle ages, employing the
order that seems most natural.
It is of course impossible definitively to state what
material was most frequently applied to shipbuilding.
But it is obvious partly from the Tune-ship, partly from
other instances, that oak-timber was also used for the
purpose, and this is further shown by such designations as
eikja and eikjukarfi, in both of which ezk is the syno-
nym of oak,
The discoveries made in barrows indicate that as
tools used for such work, they in the later iron period
had axes of various kinds, knives, hammers, tongues,
anvil, file, anger, chisel, saw, and plane, although the
last named was assuredly but little used, and the like
remark is applicable to the saw, for it was of very small
size and only used to crosscut the timbers, in as much
as lengthwise sawing had hardly begun with us before
somewhat late in the 16th century. The axe was there-
fore the tool most used, while to the finer part of work,
the knife was applied.
The ancient Gula-law from the middle of the roth
century, specifies two classes of workmen as engaged
in the construction of vessels of war (lezdangrsskip) which
shipdistricts were bound to supply for the king’s naval
campaigns: carpenters (s/afnsmidr), and workers on
thin boards (filungr of fol, a thin board), and we may
suppose the same classes to have existed in other in-
stances. The class first named prepared and framed the
skeleton, the other workers whittled the boards and put
them together. The weekly wages of the first class of
workmen were set at 2 six ells örer (sex alna eyrir),
that is to say twice the value of six ells frieze, while
the workers on thin boards received but one half of
that amount. We are hardly able with any tolerable
assurance of correctness to compute the value of such a
coin «Ore» in terms of our present currency.
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