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xli CONTENTS.
page
Backwardness of the Nobility in performing Military
Service................................................................ 217
New Charter of Privileges. House of Barons erected ;
Consequences of its Institution............................... 218
Its Objects and Organization; Bepresentation of the
Army in the Diets................................................. 219
Order of Proceeding in General Diets; instances of
Provincial Diets......................................................... 220
Taxation ; uncertainty of the Mode of Imposition, and
Irregularity of the Amounts.................................... 221
Frequency of Diets in this Beign. Commissions of
Estates. Supplies granted to the Crown.................. 222
Equality of Assessment endeavoured by the King;
Declarations of the Estates against Privileged
Immunities. Collection of the Taxes.......................... 223
Disturbances occasioned thereby. The Conscription ;
Method of enforcing it by Commissioners................. 224
Conduct of the Levies throughout this Beign.
Allocation of the Soldiery for their Maintenance............. 225
Improvement and Extension of the System by Gustavus
Adolphus. Besources of the Country; Extraordinary
Means................................................................. 226
Loans, Sales, and Monopolies. Commercial Associations 227
Influence of the Government on the National Character.
Contemporary Account of the People by a Belgian
Merchant............................................................. 228
Strength of the Army. Measures for the Improvement
of the Mines, Forges, and Manufactories.................. 229
New Towns Founded. Bise of Gottenburg. Begu-
lation of Foreign Commerce and Inland Traffic......... 230
New Administrative.Offices. Supreme Court erected.... 231
Its Functions and Influence. Boyal Interference with
the Course of Justice. Barity of Litigation............... 232
Condition of the People during a period of War. State
of the Church ; Proposition for a General Consistory.. 233
State of the University of Upsala. The King’s Solicitude
for its Prosperity and the Promotion of Learning...... 234
His Munificent Grants to the University and Schools.... 235
CHAPTEB XVI.
gustavus ii. adolphus. the danish, russian, and
polish wars. a d. 1612—1629.
Military Position of Old Sweden. Theory of the
Warlike Measures of Gustavus II.................................. 236
Campaign of 1612 against the Danes. Desperate
Engagement in Smaland. Elfsborg taken by the Danes. 237
Danish Invasion of Gothland under Christian IV. and
Bantzou defeated. Attempt on Stockholm. Peace
signed; its Conditions........................................... 238
Alliance with the Netherlands. Affairs of Bussia.
Embassy from Novogorod to solicit a Swedish Prince
for their Czar....................................................... 239
Campaign of 1615. Peace of Stolbova; The King’s
opinion of the Terms............................................. 240
Internal State of Bussia, described by Memoirs from
Swedish Agents. Polish War. Connexions and
Intrigues of Sigismund, King of Poland, against
Gustavus Adolphus..................................................... 241
His Preparations for active Hostility. Humanity of
Gustavus towards the Inhabitants of Livonia and
Esthonia, the seat of War....................................... 242
Articles of War issued for the Swedish Army. Courts-
Martial................................................................ 243
Military Discipline and Punishments. Muster of the
Army before Gustavus and his Family on the
Meadow of Orsta. Embarkation of the King, and Sailing
of the Fleet for Livonia.......................................... 244
Siege of Biga; Surrender of the Town. Death of the
King’s brother, Duke Charles Philip........................ 245
Campaign of 1622. .Three Years’ Truce. Campaign of
I 1625 ; Beduction of Livonia and Courland................ 246
Winter’s Campaign; Battle of Wallhof. War removed
into Prussiajn 1626............................................... 247
page
Occupation of Pillau and other places. Occurrences in
Livonia. Home Affairs......................................... 248
Second Campaign in Prussia. Actions before Dantzic.. 249
The Poles supported by the Emperor. Armistice and
Negotiations for Peace........................................... 250
Third and Fourth Prussian Campaigns. Junction of
the Imperialists with the Poles............................... 251
Battle of Stum. Mediation of France and England.
Six Years’ Truce................................................... 252
CHAPTER XVII.
gustavus ii. adoiphus. the german war.
a. d. 1628—1632.
Overtures of the Protestants of Germany to Gustavus
Adolphus. Views of the King as to Swedish
Intervention in the Conflict between the Catholics and
Protestants........................................................... 25.1
State of Germany; Political Changes........................... 254
Power and Designs of Wallenstein. Importance of the
Baltic Harbours.................................................... 255
Danger of Stralsund; the King determines to rescue
it. Its Siege by the Imperialists; Conclusion of an
Alliance............................................................... 256
The Estates engage to support the King in his
Measures. Discussion of a Plan of Operation for the War 257
The King’s Argument for an Offensive War.
Interruption of Good Understanding with Denmark......... 258
Apprehensions of Hostility from that Quarter;
Precautions against it................................................. 259
Diet of 1629. Deliberations in the Council.
Negotiations for Peace at Dantzic. Intrigues of R ichelieu. 260
Preparations in Sweden. Assembly of the Fleet.
Number and Composition of the Army..................... 261
The King takes leave of the Estates, and embarks for
Germany, May 30, 1630. Voyage to Pomerania.
Landing on the Isle of Usedom............................... 262
Occupation of Stettin. Cruelties and Oppression of the
Imperialists. Position of Affairs at this Juncture.
Strict Discipline of the Swedes................................ 263
The King joined by several German Princes; his
Embarrassments from deficient Supplies....................... 264
Plans for the Ensuing Year. Winter of 1630.
Continuance of Operations........................................... 265
Treaty with France. Reduction of Pomerania.
Storming of Frankfort-on-the-Oder................................... 266
Efforts to relieve Magdeburg frustrated. Its Capture.
Barbarities of the Imperialist Forces........................ 267
Pusillanimous Conduct of the Protestant Electors of
Saxony and Brandenburg. Exigencies of the Army.
Entrenched Camp at Werben.................................. 268
Repulse of Tilly’s Assault. Ravages of the Plague.
The Saxon Troops join the Swedes.......................... 269
Battle of Leipsic. Complete Defeat of the Imperialist
Army under Tilly.................................................. 270
Defence of the Policy of the Operations subsequent to
the Victory. Question as to their direction against
Austria, or to Upper Germany................................ 271
Plan for a Defensive War; its Abandonment. Rapid
Successes on the Mayne........................................ 272
Progress to the Rhine. Tilly declines Battle. Collision
with the Spaniards at Oppenheim........................... 273
Entry into Mentz. Compacts with the Protestant States
of the Empire. Proposals of Peace......................... 274
Backwardness of Saxony and Brandenburg. War in
Bavaria. Passage of the Lech............................... 275
Occupation of Augsburg and Munich. The entrenched
Camps at Nuremberg; Wallenstein against Gustavus 276
The former threatens Saxony. State of Affairs at the
break-up from Nuremberg...................................... 277
Positions of the hostile Armies. Plans of Wallenstein ;
his Irruption into Saxony; Measures for its Defeat... 278
The King overtakes Wallenstein, and is deserted by the
Elector of Saxony and the Duke of Brunswick.......... 279
The hostile armies in presence of each other on the
field of Lutzen. Their Stations, and probable Strength 230
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