mention in connection with the work for Nor- way’s full independence after 1814. They are the two great poets, Henrik Wergeland (1808-1845) and Bjgrnstjerne Bjgrnson (1832-1910), and the two statesmen Johan Sverdrup (1816-1892) and Christian Michelsen (1867-1925). Johan Sverdrup was the leader of the Liberal movement which gained the victory over the Crown in 1884, and Christian Michelsen was the resourceful leader in 1905. In conclusion it may be added that, along with the union conflicts at the close of last century, Norway experienced the struggle for democracy and social reforms. At the turn of the century democracy gained its final victory. Universal and free suffrage, national and municipal, for every citizen — male and female — was gradually effected in the early years of the 20th century. In social reforms, too, great progress was made. 14