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SUGAR IN THE BLOOD. 331
for the total rest reduction. Frank and Bretschneider l
have, never-
theless, shown that the reducing substance or mixture that occurs in the
blood-corpuscles, and which does not reduce Bertrand’s solution, but
does reduce Bang’s solution, yields a reduceable sugar on boiling with acid
which now reduces Bertrand’s solution. The corresponding substance
in the blood-plasma has a similar behavior. If, as in the experiments
of Frank and Bretschneider, the extent of reduction after acid hydrol-
ysis is about the same as the original substance (titrated according to
Bang) we cannot here be dealing with dextrins and the nature of this
body in question (or mixture) is quite unknown.
In close relation to what has been given above is the question of
" sucre immediat " and the " sucre virtuel " of Lupine and Boulud.2
They designate as " sucre immediat " the reduction, calculated as
sugar, of the blood immediately after leaving the blood vessels and as
" sucre virtuel " the increase in the reducing power brought on in part
by allowing the blood to stand after leaving the body, in part by the
action of invertase or emulsin at 39° C. and in part by boiling with hydro-
fluoric acid. The quantity of "sucre virtuel " in clogs amounts to an average
of 70 per cent of the "sucre immediat." The nature of the "sucre virtuel"
is not well known ; from what was said above we are probably dealing here
to all appearances with very different bodies.
From what has been presented above it can be understood why the
exact sugar content of the blood is not known. In consideration of the
above mentioned difficulties and sources cf error attempts have been made
to determine the sugar content of the blood and we will give the results
of some of these.
The quantity of actual sugar in the blood, amounts according to Lytt-
kens and Sandgren, in man to 0.63, in sheep 0.64, pig 0.82, ox 0.86,
horse 0.98, rabbit 2.22, guinea-pig 2.48 and in the cat 2.91 p. m. Small
animals with an active metabolism contain more sugar in the blood
than larger animals. According to Frank the amount of sugar in the
blood-plasma of man lies between 0.8 and 1.1 p. m. and according to
Frank and Cobliner 3
it is 1.19-1.26 p. m. in new-born.
The amount of blood sugar seems to be almost independent of the
character of the food. After feeding with large amounts of sugar or dex-
trin, Bleile, nevertheless, has observed a considerable increase in the
sugar. The amount of sugar is not only somewhat different with
various animals but it also varies with the same animal under different
1
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 71 and 76.
2
Compt. Rend., 137, 144, 147, and Journ de Physiol, et d. Path., 11 and 13.
3
Lyttkens and Sandgren, Bioch. Zeitschr., 36; Frank and Cobliner, Zetischr. f.
physiol. Chem., 70.
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