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744 URINE.
4 per cent nitrogen. Still H. Fischer 1
has now found that the stercobilin
has a lower nitrogen content because of a contamination with cholesterin
or bile acids, and it is possible that also the low nitrogen content of the
urine-urobilin may be caused by contamination with non-nitrogenous
substances.
These possibilities have, it is sure, have not been tested; but the
unequal nitrogen content of the two pigments does not positively exclude
the identity of urobilin and hydrobilirubin. Fischer and Myer-Betz
have in fact shown that the hemibilirubin, which forms about one-half
of the mixture called hydrobilirubin (see page 429) is identical with the
urobilinogen from human urine.
The possibility of the formation of urobilinogen and of urobilin from
bile pigments is assured and many physiological as well as clinical observa-
tions 2
support the view that this transformation of the bile pigments
occurs by means of putrefactive processes in the intestine. Of these
observations we must mention the regular appearance in the intestinal
tract of stercobilin, undoubtedly derived from the bile-pigmets; the
absence of urobilin in the urine of new-born infants, as well as on the com-
plete exclusion of bile from the intestine, and also the increased elimina-
tion of urobilin with strong intestinal putrefaction. On the other hand
there are investigators who, basing their opinion on clinical observations,
deny the enterogenous origin of urobilin and claim that the urobilin is
derived from a transformation of the bilirubin elsewhere than in the
intestine, by an oxidation of the bile-pigment or by a transformation of
the blood-pigments.3
Urobilin or urobilinogen dees not occur in the urine of all animals,
and according to Fromholdt it is absent in the urine of rabbits. The
correctness of this statement is denied by Gautier and Rosso. In nor-
mal human blood they seem to be absent, while according to Biffi 4
urobilin and urobilinogen occur sometimes in disease and in cadaver blood.
1
Hopkins and Garrod, Journ. of Physiol., 22; Fromholdt, Zeitschr. f. exp. Path.,
u. Ther., 7;*H. Fischer, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 73.
2
See Fr. Muller, Schles. Gesellsch. f. vaterl. Kultur, 1892; D. Gerhardt, " Ueber
Hydrobilirubin und seine Bezieh. zum Ikterus " (Inaug.-Diss., Berlin, 1889); Beck,
Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1895; Harley, Brit. Med. Journ., 1896; Fischler, Zeitschr.
f. physiol. Chem., 48.
3
In regard to the various theories as to the formation of -urobilin, see Harley,
Brit. Med. Journ., 1896; A. Katz, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1891, Nos. 28-32; Grimm,
Virchow’s Arch., 132; Zoja, Conferenze cliniche italiane, Ser. la, 1; Hildebrandt,
Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 59; Biffi, Boll. d. scienc. med. di Bologna (8), anno 78, 7; Troisier,
Compt. rend. soc. biol., 66 and Tsuschija, Zeitschr. f. exp. Path. u. Ther., 7; Fromholdt
and Nersessoff, ibid., 11.
4
Fromholdt, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 53; CI. Gautier and Russo, Compt. rend,
soc. biol., 64; Biffi, Folia hsematol., 4, and 1. c. Boll., 78.
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