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QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION. 771
eliminated in twenty-four hours; therefore the quantity of solids excreted was
21 X 2.33 =48.9 and iqqq = 51.35 grams. Long > has made a new determina-
tion of the coefficient for the specific gravity taken at 25° C. and finds that it is
equal to 2.<’>, which almost corresponds to Haser’s coefficient at 15° C.
Those hodics which, under physiological conditions, affect the density
of the urine are common salt and urea. The specific gravity of the first
is 2.15 and the last only 1.32, so it is easy to understand, when the relative
proportion of these two bodies essentially deviates from the normal,
why the above calculation from the specific gravity is not exact. The
same is true when a urine poor in normal constituents contains large
amounts of foreign bodies, such as albumin or sugar.
As above stated, the percentage of solids in the urine generally decreases
with a greater elimination, and a very considerable excretion of urine
(polyuria) has therefore, as a rule, a lower specific gravity. An important
exception to this rule is observed in urine containing sugar (diabetes
mellitus), in which there is a copious excretion with a very high specific
gravity due to the sugar. In cases where very little urine is excreted
(oliguria), e.g., during profuse perspiration, in diarrhoea, and in fevers,
the specific gravity of the urine is as a rule very high; the percentage of
solids is also high and the urine has a dark color. Sometimes, as for
example, in certain cases of albuminuria, the urine may have a lew specific
gravity notwithstanding the oliguria, and be poor in solids and light in
color.
In certain cases it is interesting to know the relation between the
earlwn and the nitrogen, or the quotient C/N. This factor may vary
between 0.6 and 1 ; as a rule, it amounts on an average to 0.87, but changes
according to the nature of the food and is higher after a diet rich in carbo-
hydrates than after food rich in fat (Pregl, Tangl, Langstein and
Steinitz). According to Magnus-Alsleben it rises after body exer-
tion, but in healthy individuals the variation is independent of the
kind of food. In the urine analyses of Bouchez 2
a variation between
0.62 and 0.90 was observed which showed no regular relation to the food.
On account of the great variations which the composition of the urine
shows it is difficult and of little value to give a tabular review of the
composition of the urine. The following table contains only approximate
values and it must not be overlooked that the results are not given for
1000 parts of urine, but only approximate figures for the quantities
1
Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc, 25.
2
Pregl, Pfliiger’s Arch., 75, which contains the earlier literature. Tangl, Arch. f.
(Anat. u.) Physiol., 1899, Suppl.; Langstein and Steinitz, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 19;
Magnus-Alsleben, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 68, Bouchez, footnote 1, page 767.
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