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zoology.
597
—1839). The zoological collection soon accumulated so rapidly that several
scientists were needed to superintend them. K. J. Sundevall (1801—75) was
appointed superintendent of the vertebrate collection, K. H. Boheman (1796—
1868) and after him K. Stål (1833—78) of the entomological collection, S.
Lovén (1809—95) of the collection of invertebrates, and N. P. Angelin (1805—76)
of the collection of fossil animals. All these men were first-rate scientists, each
in his own line. Lovén particularly deserves a place in the very front rank
among Swedish scientists of the century. His works on embryology, small in
compass but excellent, introduced into Sweden a branch of zoology which had
hitherto received but scant attention. Afterwards he made extensive and valuable
studies of echinidae. By his voyage to Spetsbergen in 1837 he gave so to
speak, the first push-off to the long series of Swedish Arctic expeditions. He
was also one of the pioneers of deap-sea exploration. Oil the ground of the
occurrence of Arctic animal forms in the Baltic and some Swedish lakes, he
broached the theory that these waters once formed part of the Arctic Ocean —
an hypothesis that geology has afterwards confirmed. Two other låte
superintendents of the Natural History Museum deserve to be singled out for mention:
the ichthyologist F. A. Smitt (1839—1904) and the paleontologist O. Lindström
(1829—1901). — The present heads of the different sections of the State
Natural History Museum are: Einar Lönnberg (b. 1865), who in recent years has
devoted himself mainly to the study of vertebrates, the paleontologist O. Holm
(b. 1853), the entomologist Yngve Sjöstedt (b. 1866), and Hjalmar Théel (b.
1848). The latter has addressed himself mainly to the anatomy and embryology
of invertebrates.
After the death of Thunberg the study of zoology fell to a very low ebb at
Uppsala, but in 1852 a Chair of Zoology was established there. The first
holder of that Chair was V. Lilljeborg (1816—1908). His works deal first and
foremost with the Scandinavian fauna, and among that fauna especially the
vertebrates and crustaceans. Under his superintendence zoological research made
rapid strides at Uppsala. He retired in 1882, and was succeeded by T.
Tullberg (b. 1842), who has devoted himself to different branches of comparative
anatomy. Tullberg was succeeded in 1908 by A. Wirén (b. 1860), who had
previously been professor of comparative anatomy at the same university. T.
Thorell (1830—1901), whose works are chiefly on spiders, was also for a short
time lecturer in zoology at Uppsala.
In 1876 there was established at Uppsala a zootomical laboratory, the first in
Sweden. It was presently followed up by a similar institution at Lund. In
connection with these laboratories an assistant professorship of comparative ana-’
tomy was afterwards instituted at both universities. A. Appellöf (b. 1857) and
0. Carlgren (b. 1865) are at present associate professors of comparative anatomy
at Uppsala and Lund respectively. Both of them have written works on the
anatomy of the invertebrates. At Stockholm University was established in 1884
a Chair of Zoology, which is held by V. Leche (b. 1850). Through his influence,
also a Zootomic Institute was established at Stockholm. Leche has addressed
himself to the anatomy of mammals. The Prosektor or Demonstrator at the Zootomic
Institute just mentioned is N. Holmgren (b. 1877). — Almost concurrently with
these zootomic laboratories a Zoological Maritime Station was established at
Kristineberg in Bohuslän. The suggestion had come from Lovén. The Prefektor
Superintendent of this latter institution is at present Professor Hjalmar Théel,
and its active manager is Hjalmar Östergren (b. 1869). The birth of these
institutions attests that new branches of zoological study have begun to be
vigorously prosecuted in Sweden.
A few more names of now deceased zoologists must be mentioned in
conclusion: L. Gyllenhaal (1752—1842), K. J. Schönherr (1772—1848), and N.
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