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iv. education and mental culture.
Westring (1797—1882); A. E. Holmgren (1829—88) the entomologists; A.
Retzius (1796—1860), the anatomist and ethnographer; E. F. S. Aurivillius (1854—
99), who has chiefly studied the animal life of the ocean; D. Bergendal (1855—
1908), previously professor at Lund; and K. A. Vesterlund (1831—1908), the
malokologist. From out the numerous ranks of Swedish scientists who have taken
active part in the development of zoology in our days, a few more names must be
singled out for mention: First and foremost G. Retzius (b. 1842; formerly professor of
anatomy), known by his works on the auditory organs of the vertebrates, and
by numberless other anatomical works. Next the eminent entomologist
Professor Chr. Aurivillius (b. 1853), Secretary of Vetenskapsakademien (Academy
of Sciences), 8. Lampa (1839—1914), the entomologist, G. Kolthoff (1845—
1914), the ornithologist, Lector G. Adlerz (b. 1858) the entomologist, S.
Bengtsson (b. I860), lecturer, the entomologist, Professor C. Wiman (b. 1867) the
paleontologist, L. Jägerskiöld (b. 1867), Superintendent of the Gothenburg Museum,
Lector C. O. von Porat (b. 1843), Lector Tj. G. Andersson (b. 1868), Professor
A. Tullgren (b. 1874), the State entomologist, Dr I. Trägårdh (b. 1878), the
entomologist, T. Odhner (b. 1879), the helmintologist, N. von Hofsten (b. 1881),
and others.
Geology and Mineralogy.
Sweden assumed at an early period a prominent position in the domain of
geological research. Urban Hjärne (1641—1724) pronounced the opinion,
afterwards confirmed and amplified by many scholars, that the strata of the
terrestrial globe were originally deposited under water, that fossils were once
living creatures, and that the earth undergoes certain changes. After Hjärne
there came forward successively: E. Swedenborg (1688—1772), M. v. Bromell
(1679 — 1731), K. Stobceus (1690—1742), and A. Celsius (1701—44), all with
treatises on geological, mineralogical or paleontological questions that, for the
time at which they were written, were very noteworthy; the last-named dealt
with the problem of water diminution in the Baltic and the North Sea.
Karl von Linné (1707—78) or, to give him the latinized form of his
name, Linnceus was enabled by his keen faculty of observation to interpret
wonderfully correctly the various geological phenomena that he had come across
in his wanderings through the provinces of Sweden. Thus, to take one instance,
he drew a profile section of Mt. Kinnekulle, a rock-mass built up out of
horizontal Cambrian and Silurian strata; in its main features that production
of his is regarded even at the present day as accurate; he furthermore instituted
a comparison between that succession of strata and those occurring elsewhere.
By propounding the theory that there was a fixed sequence of strata over the
whole earth and that the strata were formed in the sea, Linnaeus really laid the
foundation of the system of classification established in 1780 by Werner, the
German geologist and mineralogist, who grouped the rocks of the earth’s crust
according to the order of succession in which they were deposited by the water, i. e.
evolved a system of grouping that is merely a further developing of the theory
advanced bj’ Linnaeus. — As regards minerals Linnæus called attention to the
importance, from the point of systematic classification, of their crystalline form. In
that he was followed by J. G. Wallerius (1709—85), who published what was in
effect the first handbook on mineralogy, a production that was looked upon as
being far and away superior to anything that had been written on that subject
since the days of Agricola. A. F. Cronstedt (1722—65) greatly advanced
mineralogy by his excellent work, entitled: "Försök till mineralogi eller
mineralrikets uppställning" (A Treatise on Mineralogy or the Classification of the Mineral
Kingdom), which was translated into several foreign languages.
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