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iv. education and mental culture.
ström (1829—1901); he was also the most eminent authority of the time on
the fossil fauna of the younger Silurian period. The following were also specially
remarkable as paleontologists: G. Linnarsson (1841—81), B. Lundgren (1843—
97), and S. A. T. Tullberg (1852—86). In the departments of mineralogy,
petrography, and mining geology A. Erdmann (1814—69) and A. Sjögren
(1822—93) were very energetic in their day. A. E. Törnebohm (1838—
1911) did important work in the departments just mentioned, devoting himself
with great success to the solution of the problem of the geology of the archæan
rocks and the Swedish fjeld-formations. In explaining the architecture of
the latter he made use of the so-called overthrust theory. He introduced
the method of microscopic petrographic investigation and contributed in a great
degree to its development and perfection. Even A. Erdmann in his day had
perceived the great importance and value of this method for future investigation
and during the last few years of his life he collected a not inconsiderable,
although somewhat primitive, mass of materials for its prosecution.
Otto Torell.
For several decades past both geology and paleontology have been making
uninterrupted advance: the Silurian, Rhaet-Lias, and Cretaceous series of strata,
as well as their fossil animal and vegetable remains are being made the subject
of study, and descriptions of the results published; the Quaternary deposits are
being investigated with ever increasing interest and success, and in this branch
of geology Swedish scientists may be said to have led the way; moreover, the
volcanic and other rocks are being examined as regards their microscopic
nature; the puzzling archæan rocks and the complicated architecture of the
fjeld-regions are being studied, and contemporaneously at the’Swedish universities
geology has been accorded an increasingly important and secure position in the
curriculum of studies; in one word: the present time is characterised by a
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