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geology and mineralogy.
601
stirring life, a keen interest in geology, mineralogy, ami paleontology quite
unparalleled in former days. In all the departments named Sweden has men of
science who by their researches have earned for themselves world-wide reputations.
A further powerful impulse in this direction was given by the establishment,
in 1858, of "Sveriges geologiska undersökning" (The Swedish Geological Survey),
a national, State-endowed institution that is engaged in conducting a detailed
geological investigation, and in drawing maps, of the whole country. The
organiser of this new enterprise was A. Erdmann and lie became its first head.
He was succeeded in 1871 by O. Torell (1828—1900), who gave place in 1897
to .4. E. Törnebohm, while since Oct. 1906 J. G. Andersson (born 1874), the
Antarctic explorer, has occupied the position. On the geological sheet-maps
published by the Swedish Geological Survey (Scale: 1 to 50 000 and 1 to
200 000) there are depicted the occurrence and extent of the Quaternary
deposits as well as the outcropping of the various rocks. More than 190 000 sq.km
in Central and Southern Sweden have been already mapped, besides which
geological maps of eight different Liins and divisions of Läns have been published
as well as a geological sketch-map of the whole country.
Alfred Gabriel Nathorst.
The founding of the Stockholm Geological Society (1871) and the periodical’
appearance of its Journal have of course likewise tended in a high degree
towards stimulating an interest in geology, and so has the publication, since
1892, of the Uppsala ("Bulletin of the Geological Institution").
The researches pursued by Swedish scientists in Polar districts have been of
great importance, especially in throwing light on the Glacial period in
Scandinavia. S. Lovén (1809—95) was the first to pay a visit to Spitzbergen for
the purposes of study, and on that occasion made the important discovery of
Jurassic fossils in the strata of that island. Since then Torell, the pioneer in
the department of Glacial Geology, A. E. Nordenskiöld (1832—1901), the
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