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iv. education and mental culture.
U. Falk (b. 1841), låte professor at Uppsala, is, by his teaching work and
his scientific production, an active advocate for the theory of functions in the
form in which it was represented by Weierstrass. As a meritorious investigator
of the theory of number may be mentioned A. Berger (1844—1901), who was
docent at Uppsala. Important research work has been carried out by E.
Holmgren (b. 1872; professor at Uppsala) in connection with the real theory of
partial differential equations. Valuable work on the same subject has also been
done by C. V. Oseen and H. G. Block (b. 1882; docent at Lund).
The first teachers of mathematics at the Stockholm University were G.
Mittag-Leffler (b. 1846) and Sonja Kovalewski (1853 — 91), who was called to the
post from Russia. Mittag-Leffler’s principal works have been on the problem of
analytically representing analytic functions in forms which, without introducing
foreign elements, reflect the characteristic qualities of the functions, and also on
the formation of entire classes of analytical expressions which represent
naturally analytic functions of the most general character possible, while embracing
and elucidating the importance of Taylor’s series. Among the works of Sonja
Kovalewski may be noticed the general integration of a system of partial
differential equations and the solution of a new case of the rotation problem by
means of analytic functions. Among the other mathematicians who are or have
been attached to the Stockholm University may be mentioned: E. Phragmén
(b. 1863), the author of acute expositions of the theory of functions and the
analytical theory of numbers; I. Bendixson (b. 1861), the author of profound
works on the general theory of functions and the theory of differential
equations; H. von Koch (b. 1870), known for his investigations on infinite
determinants and for his works on the theory of functions and on the occurrence of
prime numbers; E. Fredholm (b. 1866), whose works have been of fundamental
importance for mathematical physics and are more fittingly discussed under
that heading; G. Kobb (b. 1863), whose principal work is on the calculus of
variations; A. J. Malmquist (b. 1882) who has carried out acute observations on
algebraically integrable differential equations of the first order; E. Stridsberg
(b. 1871) has carried out detailed investigations on the transcendental functions
of arithmetical qualities, as generalisations of the proposition regarding the
transcendency of e and
In the sphere of the mathematical history G. Eneström (b. 1852) has shown
considerable activity as an investigator and as the editor (since 1887) of the
international review on the history of mathematics "Bibliotheca Hathematica",
which, since being enlarged, has included in its programme questions of practical
interest for mathematicians, such as those dealing with terminology,
classification, and bibliography.
Mechanics and Mathematical Physics.
Mechanics and mathematical physics have only quite recently obtained an
independent position at the Swedish Universities and High Schools. It may,
however, be said with a certain amount of justice that the sciences have a long
ancestry in Sweden. A good dpal of the scientific work performed in past
times by Swedish mathematicians falls under the heading of mechanics; while
physicists, such as F. Rudberg (1800—39), A. J. Ångström (1814—74), and
E. Edlund (1819—88), worked also in the theoretical branch of their subject,
with the help of mathematics. The first chair of mechanics at any of the
Swedish universities was established at Uppsala in 1873 and was followed shortly
afterwards by a similar chair in mechanics and mathematical physics at Lund.
Since the year 1893 these subjects have also been independently represented at
the Stockholm University.
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