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6 W. E. Lidforss.
The vowel-series of the different classes stand thus:
Class I.
i (é, éo) a (éa) u u (0)
The original vowels it, a, u, u are conserved only before m and
n, as gelimpan, gelamp, gelumpon, gelumpen; drincan, dranc, drun-
con, druncen; so also birnan, irnan instead of brinnan, rinnan. Be-
fore I the i is broken into éö, a into éa, and the u of the partic. past
into o, thus: hölpan, höalp, hulpon, holpen. Before 7 the i is broken
into éo, the other vowels are as before I, as: vöorpan, vöarp, vurpon,
vorpen, so also föohtan, föaht, fuhton, fohten. Besides, tbe four bör-
stan, Pörscan (instead of bröstan, /’röscan), gefrögnan, brögdan should
be mentioned as not answering the primitive character of the class, and
consequently also showing for the singular preterit bärst, pärsc, ge-
frägn, brägd.
Class II.
i (0 (éa) ä (éa) & j
The original i of the present remains only before the geminated
biddan, sittan, licgan !), picgan, and then in gifan, gitan. The last-
mentioned two also have äa in both numbers of the preterit; else the
vowels of this tense always are the short ä for the singular, and the
long & for the plural. The primitive u and i of the partie. past are
always broken into o and é, with an exception only for gifan, which
has gifen; against the true rule, cvölan, hölan, stölan have é instead
of o, and on the contrary, bröcan, spröcan, o instead of é iv the par-
ticiple past. Rather anomalous appear the two niman, nam, nåmon,
numen, and cuman, com, comon, cumen (cviman, cvam, cvåmon, cvu-
men), but this depends on the following m having protected the ori-
ginal vowels from any alteration. The contracted söon for séhvan has
: söah, såvon or segon, söven or segen, and föon or föohan, föah, föahon
or fegon, féohen. Biddan, sittan, licgan, picgan have weak forms in
the present.
Class III.
a (éa) 6 Ö a, ä
Most verbs of this class have the Gothic a, ö, 6, a, as grafan,
gröf, gröfon, grafen. However, when the root ends in Ah, the a of the
infinitive is changed into éa, and the a of the partic. past into ä, thus:
slöahan, slöh, slögon, slägen; vöaxan has vöx, vöxon, vöaxen. The
’) Just as bitten, fitzen, liegen in modern German, and bidja, sittja,
liggja in Icelandic,
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