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Introduction.
The object of this paper is to account for the physical
properties of water in the liquid and solid State at those
temperatures, to which ice and water are generally exposed in
the arctic sea. The author has limited his researches to
temperatures between — 20° C and + 15° C, as the changes in the
volume etc. of ice below —20° C and water above + 15° C are
almost entirely void of interest to the hydrographer. But
between the narrow limits thus assigned, it has been the
aim of the author, to attain the greatest possible accuracy of
measurement. The interest of an hydrographer of the arctic
ocean naturally concentrates upon the formation of ice and
the changes in the physical conditions accompanying the
freezing of water — a problem, which, strange to say, has
never before been subject to quantitative researches [as far as
regards ice from oceanwater], although a great amount of
most valuable observations have been collected by arctic
explorers.
Being commissioned by Professor Nordenskiöld to
write the hydrographical results of the Vega-expedition, I
obtained his permission to insert an introductory paper on
the properties of sea-ice and sea-water. In the first place I
had to make the choice of an appropriate material for my
experiments. I naturally decided to put to the test samples
of such kinds of water, as are found to predominate in the
arctic seas. In the Siberian sea, from whence the
hydrographic material of the Vega-expedition w’as collected, there may
be found water of almost every possible gradation in saltness,
from the oceanwater at the bottom, which contains 3.4 per
cent of salt, to the fresh water in the upper strata, which is
spread widely over the surface of the sea by the powerful
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