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fresh strata will of course tend to accelerate the diffusion,
but on the other hand it must be remembered, that
water-strata of different origin can exist isolated for a very long
time over vast spaces of the open ocean, without exchanging
their individual properties. Besides, in the arctic sea there
is a mighty force at work to counteract the diffusion of the
waters, viz. the extreme cold of the winter season, which
causes the water to freeze solid on a larger scale than any
where else. The water once transformed into ice is naturally
exempt from the further influence of diffusion, and moreover
the brackish water, which has been formed in summer, is
divided by freezing into salt water and ice, which contains little
or no salt.
Whether the ice is formed entirely from salt water as in
the sea between Greenland, Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya or
from the fresh or brackish water forming the upper layers of
the Siberian sea, the freezing process has the same tendency
to make the difference between the original constituents of
the seawater still more marked.
Neither does the melting of the sea-ice tend in any high
degree to unite again the fresh and salt water. It is a
well-proved fact, that a great deal or perhaps the most part of the
arctic ice never melts at those latitudes, where it was formed,
but is carried away with the great arctic current along the
eastern coast of Greenland and America, until it melts in the
relatively warm part of the Atlantic, which is crossed by the
Gulf-stream. There is every reason to suppose, that the ice
of the Siberian sea also partakes of this great circulation.
The ice drift current here must exist at latitudes hitherto
little explored, but nevertheless the ships of the two most
hazardous expeditions of later years, the Tegetthoff, of the
Austrian, and the Jeannette of the American expedition were
caught by the mighty ice drifts of this current and carried
away to the north-west, Tegetthoff from 78° 42’ Lat. 73° 18’ Long.
E. G. to the shores of Franz Josef Land at 79° 43’ Lat. 60° 23’
Long. E. G., where she was abandoned in the ice;1 Jeannette
1 »Ganz bestimmt zeigen uns unsere Erfahrungen, dass im Süden von
Franz-Josef-Land ein fortwährender Abfluss von Eis von Ost gegen AVest.
also aus den Sibirischen Gewässern, Statt findet. Aus den Winden des
letzten Winters habe ich die Überzeugung gewonnen, dass wir im Norden
von Spitzbergen wieder zum Vorschein gekommen wären, wenn sich nicht
unser Feld bei der Wilczek-Insel am Landeise festgelegt hätte.»
Schiffslieutn. Wevprechts Vortrag über die von ihm geleiteten wissen-
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