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To begin with, it can be proved, that the freezing of
seawater involves a total revolution of its chemical constitution.
Chemical analysis shows, that the quantitative proportion of
the constituents Ca, Mg, Na, Ka, Cl, H^S04 is other in ice
than in sea water.
It was believed formerly that the composition of the water
did change from one part of the ocean to another, until
For-©hammer, by application of exact analytical methods, showed,
that the chemical constitution of sea-water is nearly the same
over the whole earth. The relation of the chemical
components of the salt of the ocean is according to Forchammer
(if the amount of Chlorine is assumed = 100)
Cl CaO MgO S03 Total amount of salt.
100 2.93 11.03 11.88 181.1
These numbers are on the whole confirmed by recent
investigations. Only with regard to the proportions of MgO and S03
differences have been found, which are however so slight,
that the hydrographers are uncertain, whether to attribute
them to a real unsteadiness in the composition of sea-water
or to inevitable analytical errors. I will return to this
remarkable circumstance later.
Those, who support the common theory, that sea-ice is in
itself wholly destitute of salt and only mechanically encloses
a certain quantity of unfrozen and concentrated sea-water,
must confess, that we in this case ought to find by chemical
analysis exactly the same proportion between Cl, MgO, CaO,
SO3 etc... in the ice and in the brine as in the sea-water itself.
In order to decide the question, I requested Mr.
Fors-berg, the assistant teacher of analytic chemistry of the
laboratory, to undertake a complete quantitative analysis of the
following six water-samples. J\s 1—4 I chose out of the
collections of the Vega, so as to represent the constitution of the
Siberian sea-water at different depths and of different specific
gravity. J/g 5 & 6 are samples of unfrozen brine collected by
the Vega-explorers on the surface of the ice during cold
winter days. I feel bound on this occasion to express my
sincere gratitude to Mr. Forsberg for his skilful assistance.
The particulars of the analyses, the methods etc. will be
treated in next paper, which is specially devoted to the
hydrography of the Siberian sea. The numbers of this table
represent the proportions of the constituents if chlorine is = 100
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