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spiral (see p. 269) together with the frozen substance. Thereby
we may in some degree account for the extremely low latent
heat of the watersamples F (ocean-water from Jan Mayn), but
the difficulty still remains to account for the deficiency in
latent heat of the following water-samples VI, V, IV, which
were obtained by melting of sea-ice and consequently only ought
to contain such constituents as are capable of solidification. From
sample VI, which was formed by freezing of sea-water, the
liquid brine had been separated previously (see p. 291). We
must, however, admit as probable, that even in these cases
(VI & V) a diminutive part of the sample was kept from
freezing, until lower temperatures, as a concentrated brine,
from the fact, that the latent heat as well as the volume of
the frozen substance (see plate 21, VI & V) increased as the
freezing temperature sunk. But as ryi explanation it is
insufficient. It does not hold good in case of sample IV, which
is certainly solidified entirely at —5°.si C, and also in V &
VI the discrepancy of the latent heat calculated and found is
sufficiently great to authorize the conclusion, that:
III. The latent heat of ice is diminished, if it separates
from salt water and in combination with some part of the
salt. We could form an idea as to the causes of the low
latent heat developed by VI & V at —6° or —8° C by
supposing, that the formula of the depression of the latent heat
with the freezing temperature given by Clausius and Person
does not hold good for such ice, on account of its spec, heat
in the solid and liquid state c and Ci being different from
that of pure ice.
Everybody must admit, that the latent heat developed by
the freezing of the sea-water has the greatest influence on the
conditions of the arctic oceans and on the climate of arctic
countries. It will be important then to observe, that the
latent heat, which is developed immediately by the
solidification of ocean-water, is very inferior to that of fresh water,
but that the freezing process, from a thermic point of view,
is not entirely concluded with the solidification of the
seawater. On further sinking of the temperature, still unfrozen
cryohydrates will be solidified and develop heat, until the
whole mass of the ice floe, at sufficiently low temperature, is a
solid rock of crystallized matter. At the rise of temperature
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