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these substances will melt, one by one, and absorb heat in
so doing. Thus the thermal processes in the mass of the
icefloes will to a certain degree counteract the influence of the
sudden variations in temperature of the atmosphere.
I have already mentioned the fact, that I found during
my dilatometric researches, that pure ice did assume the
temperature of the mercury-bath surprisingly soon, and that the
case was quite reversed, when I operated with ice containing
any amount of salt, especially at those temperatures, where it
upon cooling showed an abnormal expansion of volume. I
can not decide, whether sea-ice is really a worse conductor ot
heat than pure ice, or if this behavior is due to the thermal
processes just alluded to, having no quantitative
measurements to j-udge from, but I consider, that the sea-ice will
behave in nature just as it did, when tested in my apparatus,
viz. very slowly propagate thermic impulses from without.
There is every reason to believe, that the formation of
ice in that part of the arctic ocean north of Europe even
in winter-time is limited to very high latitudes. In winter as
well as in summer a mighty stream of warm water sets in
between Scotland and Iceland sweeping the coast of Norway
(which is entirely free of ice) and spreading its waters unto
the coasts of Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya. Thereby the
freezing of the arctic ocean is prevented and delayed, until
very high latitudes. We know, that the old polar-ice is
transported along the eastern shore of Greenland and America
to relatively low latitudes, where it melts by the combined
influence of a warmer atmosphere and a warmer sea. Thus the
melting of the sea-ice and the freezing of the sea-water are
processes of reverse order, which take place at widely distant
latitudes. The solar heat stored up in the ice by its
liquefaction at low latitudes is developed again at 70° or 80° Lat. N.
by the latent heat ’of the freezing sea-water. Its effects will
naturally not consist in any raising of the temperature of the
sea, but indirectly it will counteract the heaping of great ice
masses north of Europe, because:
»Water can not freeze to ice, even at its freezing point, if
it can not transfer its latent heat to a colder medium»
[Ed-1 u n d].
The influence of the Gulf-stream on the climate of Europe
is said to be a theme nearly worn out, but I think the influence
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