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level of the sea, contrary to the action of gravitation. This
amount of work, which must be executed at the cost of the
latent heat developed by the water [because it is the immediate
consequence of its freezing], is stored up in the ice and can
not be expended before the moment of melting, when it is
transformed into actual energy or vis viva of the water
particles, derived from the higher level of the ice-water relatively
to that of the surrounding sea, which, as Ek m a n justly
observed, must occasion a surface current.1 The ice, which the
i i i i i i • i ■ • i i i > i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Ice. _
..
-
By the freezing of the water the surface of the ice-floe is lifted the distance ac contrary
to the action of the gravitation [and of course also to the atmospheric pressure], bb is the
niveau of the ice-water after melting. The difference be causes the surface-current. At the
melting of ice in fresh water be is 0.
arctic current forces into the angle between the American
continent and the powerful stream from the Mexican Gulf,
must, when melted, spread over the ocean in north-easterly
direction. The rotation of the earth exercises upon this
current a directing, but nowhere an impelling force.2 We are
accustomed to ascribe the movements of the currents of the
atmosphere and the ocean to the solar heat. True; but solar
heat can not be transformed into mechanic energy without the
conditions of the second principle of thermodj’namics being
fulfilled. The cycle of heat performed by the freezing and
melting of ice is of a different nature from the cycle of free
heat in the water caused by radiation and refrigeration,
1 At the freezing of fresh water, as for example rivers, lakes etc...
one part of tlie latent heat is likewise transformed into work, which is
again changed into heat at the melting of the ice, without giving rise to
any mechanic effects, or motion of the water, currents etc.
2 See Gu Id berg: Theorien for vandets og luftens stromninger paa
jordens overflade, Polvtekn. Tidsskr. 1872.
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