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to navigation than otlienvise. This circumstance alone is
sufficient to make a hydrographic survey 1 of the Kara Sea highly
desirable; for in spite of the changeable condition of the
upper strata, there is every reason to expect that the
conformation of the deeper layers will be found to be far more
constant and regular.
Another circumstance, which must exert the greatest
influence upon the condition of the Kara Sea in summer is
the direction of the winds. By southern winds the superficial
layer of warm water, flowing from the rivers northwards,
which contains the necessary amount of heat for the
liquefaction of the ice, must be accelerated and spread further to
the north or north-east over the arctic sea and thus
withdrawn from acting upon the ice. On the other hand we can
infer, that winds from the north or north-east must have the
effect of retaining the greatest part of the flowing water within
the limits of the Kara Sea.
It can be proved that the main direction of the winds in
August during the years most favorable to navigation was N
and NNE.
In 1870, August and September, the Kara Sea was found
almost free from ice, with the aforesaid exception of the middle
part of the sea between Novaya Zemlya and the Yalmal
pen-ninsula. From the 1th of August until the 9th September
Captain Johanne sen 2 cruised in the northern parts of the sea
without meeting with any hinderance from the ice.’
»Bis zur nordöstlichen Küste von Nowaja Semlä hatte
das Meer eine braune und grüne Farbe bewahrt, hier wurde
es blau. Am Lande 3 fanden sich einzelne kleine Eisstreifen,
1 Although a speciaf hydrographic survey of the Kara- and the Barentz
Sea would give most useful and interesting results, I think, that frequently
repeated deep-soundings in the course of a series of years ought to give a
still more valuable and generalized account of the hydrographic conformation
of this part of the ocean, as we might thereby perhaps get a cue to the periodic
variations in the state of this sea. As there is no hope of getting a special
expedition started every year for scientific purposes, I think the best thing
for the present would be to entrust an i solating deep-water-bottle of E k m an ’s
model, with the necessary instructions for use, to the care of the captain or
navigating officer of every commercial steamer bound for the Yenisei, who
is willing to take the trouble. The price of the instrument is moderate
(£ 10 or there-abouts), it requires no special arrangements and performs,
admirably.
Kapitän Johannesen’s Umfahrung von Nowaja Semlä in Sept. 1870.
Geogr. Mitth. 1871.
3 North, east part of Novaya Zemlya, between Cape Mauritius and Cape
Vlissingher.
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