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It seems probable that the direction of the upper- and
undercurrent in this strait is variable and depends upon causes,
which highly require repeated investigation.
The investigation of the conditions of the Kara Sea and
adjacent parts of the arctic ocean is of course a verjr
complicated problem to the metereologists as well as to the
hydro-graphers. The climate of the north Asiatic continent in winter
is excessively cold and even the sudden change of temperature
in the summer months, witnessed by the rise of the June and
July isotherms, would be insufficient to break the icy
boundaries of the. sea, if the warm water from the Siberian rivers
did not conduce to the satne effect. Therefore the condition
of the Kara Sea in August and September, the only season
adapted for navigation, must to a great part be dependent
upon the amount of sunshine and rain-fall bestowed in the
course of spring and summer upon countries far away from
the Yalmal and Taimur coasts.
Moreover the effect of the heat of the river-water upon
the sea is limited to its surface, where it is absorbed in the
melting of the ice. From a few metres beneath the ice to
the bottom, there is an indraught of salt water from the arctic
sea north of Siberia, which is sufficiently cold [—1°,3 unto
— 1°.7 or —1°,9 C] to prevent the melting of the ice and even
to make the inundating superficial stratum of brackish water
give up ice, if it does not constantly receive fresh supply
from the rivers.
An excellent illustration of this statement is the curious
experiment mentioned by Nordenskiöld in his work »Vegas
färd kring Asien och Europa». If a vessel filled with water
from the surface of the Kara Sea is immersed deeper into the
sea, then the water in the vessel soon freezes into ice.
Moreover Nordenskiöld asserts that the brackish water
at the surface acts like poison upon most part of the animals
living below.
The mechanic reaction of the flowing water makes the
cold water below rise nearer to the surface in some parts of
the Kara Sea, which accordingly are found to be more impracticable
30 vademen —1°.5, op 20 vademen —1 .4, op 10 vademen —0°.4 en aan de
oppervlakte -f- 0 -G • • De bovenstroom liep liier onafgebroken om de west,
doch door eene waarneming met den duiker bleek, det bet onderwater of
om de oost liep of wel stationair bleef. Heet voortdurend om de west
loopen van den stroom in de Matoschkinsliarr, waarvan Lutke en andere
spreken, hadden wij vroeger, d. i. in 1878 en 1879, niet kunnen waarnemen.»
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