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the abundant supply of fresh water from the rivers in summer
almost as much as that of the Kara Sea; consequently there
is no tendency on either side to encroach upon the other.
The sections VI—IX on plate 25, which represent the
conformation of the sea along the course of the Vega, also
give a transverse section of the fresh-water currents from the
rivers outside the river-mouths.
A closer inspection of the temperature, the saltness and
likewise of the change of colour in the wrater shows that the
main mass of the river-water is invariably found at a
considerable distance to the east of the mouth of the river, from
which it originates. If we choose for example the section VII,
which represents the state of the sea outside the mouths of
the Anabara, the Lena and the Jana rivers, we find that the
head mass of the fresh water from the Lena flows between
the 130th and the 136tb degree Long. E. G., i. e. 3 longitudinal
degrees east of the embouchure of the river. Here the saltness
at the surface sunk to only 0.49 or O.91 p. c. and the water
was clay-coloured. A similar remark is due also to the waters
emerging from the Anabara and Jana-rivers.
At some distance to the west of the warm and fresh
river-water there will invariably also be found a layer of cold salt
water at the bottom of the sea. This is, as already mentioned,
an indraught of arctic water from the north, caused by the
mechanic reaction of the outflow of the rivers.
The same influence of the earths rotation, which forces
the upper-current to take an easterly direction, also directs
the under-current to the west. The existence of such an
under-current of salt water, cooled unto its freezing-point,
explains to us the strange phenomenon, that the expedition
very often had to struggle with pack-ice or foundered ice-floes
in the immediate vicinity of the warm river-water, as for ex.
east of the Chatanga bay and the Lena delta. In such places
vast masses of drifting ice-floes or massive foundered iceblocks
were found in the midst of almost fresh flowing river-water
of relatively high temperature. The warm water could only
attack the superficial layers of the ice, which as a rule were
found to be much corroded, while its bulk was protected from
melting by the cold water at the base. Lieutenant Bove1
1 »Lingua cli ghiaccio. — La corrente del Katanga aveva accumulate,
lungo il suo margine, una longa e compatta lingua di vecchi ghiacei tra i
quali passammo con qualche difficolta e con gravi pericoli per il timone e
l’elica.»––-
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