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or relations). The members of these communities of
relatives do not marry within the community, but they keep
together to help and protect each other. They elect an
“elder” and form a council, which decides their common
affairs, settles disputes, etc. These communities in their
turn associate themselves into larger groups, forming the
so-called naslegi (association of family communities), which
again are organised into ulus, corresponding to the
Russian village-districts (volost). At the head of the ulus
stands the golovà or chief, with an upràva or kind of
police-court. The naslegi are administered by a district-council
and a district-elder having the title of kujas (prince), which
was conferred on these tribal chiefs by Catherine II. The
taxes are collected by the local authorities of the ulus,
which are by law connected with the officials of the imperial
treasury and the police authorities. The taxes (Yassak)
were formerly paid in the shape of furs, but the sable
having to a great extent been exterminated, they are now paid
in money, the amount of which, plus communal taxes,
varies between 12 and 50 shillings per tributary “soul”,
depending on the decision of the local authorities and the
economical condition of the tax-payer.
The Yakuts are generally poor. Their principal
possessions consist of cattle and horses. The Yakut horses are
small and shaggy, but very hardy, strong, and
good-tempered animals. Throughout the long and terrible winter
they subsist on the grass underneath the snow, which, like
the reindeer, they remove with their feet, the strongest
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