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upon the sea to the north and especially to the east.
According to the Norwegian observations in July, August and
September, 1870, the sea-water along the west coast of Wajgatch
and also in the south-eastern part of the Kara Sea had a brown
colour and }wssessed cm exceedingly high temperature 1 (+ 9° C
to + 11° C). This superficial layer of warm water together
with the frequent rain-fall and the thunder-stdrms, which often
occur here in summer, must have the effect of accelerating
the melting of the ice and the opening of the southern
entrances of the Kara Sea to navigation. Ordinarily the Yugor
strait seems to be more free from ice than the Kara strait.
The cause of this can be twofold:
1) The Yugor strait is, according to its situation, more
exposed to the influence of the river water from the coast;
2) There is no under-current of cold water at the bottom
of this strait, which could tend to neutralize the heat of the
superficial stratum of warm water.
The high temperature of the sea, found by the
Vega-expedition the 29th and 30th of July, 1878, may thus be due to
a superficial layer of warm w’ater, which occasionally
overflows 2 the cold water emerging from the Kara strait. A single
deep-sounding would have sufficed to settle this question!
From the Matochkin strait we have discrepant statements.
1 See the map: »Die Temperaturverhältnisse im Karisclien Meere im
Sommer 1870.» Geogr. Mitth. 1871.
2 In the Yugor Shar the surface current changes its direction with
the winds and the tides. According to the statements of Swedish and
Norwegian travellers the same observation is due also to the Kara strait.
Krusenstern, however, in 1860 and Ssidoroff in 1869 found that the water
in this strait flowed steadily from west to east.
Russische Nordpolar-Forschungen 1869 & 1870. Geogr. Mitth. 1870.
3 The Swedish expedition in 1875 found:
Western entrance to the Matochkin, Middle part of the strait,
13th July. 8th Sept.
Depth. Temperature. Depth. Temperature.
0 m. + 6°.i C 0 m. + 6°.o C
21.3 m. +4°.2 C 12.4 m. +5°.5 C
23.1 m.- -j- 4 .2 C
From these observations Nordenskiöld concluded tin accordance with
former investigators), »that a warm stream, probably a branch of the
Gulf-stream, fills the entire depth of this sound». In the report of the Holland
expedition in 1881, however, we read the following lines (page 63): >Wij
namen eene temperatuurwaarneming op verschillende diepten [in the
Matochkin strait near the hut of Rosmyslow]. Wij kregen daarmede geheel
andere uitkomsten dan Nordenskiöld in 1875 aan bord van de Pröven
gevonden had. Op den bodem (37 vaam) was de temperatur nu —0°.9, op
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