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82
v,; but alaðs-festr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 88; viz, see víðr II: in foreign names,
Jarizleifr, Jariz-karr, Buriz-leifr, Gkv. 2. 19, Fms. vi. The etymologi of
words may often be decided by this; e. g. in beisl, a bridle, beiskr, bitter,
the s of the vellums shews that neither word is derived from bita; beiskr
is in fakt akin to Engi. beestings, Ulf. beist = Cfy^, A. S. beost: geiska
Mir, Hkv* 2. 35, is not from geit, but from geisa: laz or latz (p. 376, col.
1) is from Fr. lace, not = Icel. lass : misseri (q. v.) is no relation to miðr,
etc.: at lesti, at last, being spelt with s, not #, is not related to latr, but
derived from leistr = a cobbler’s last, at lesti = Lat. in calce, see Mr.
Sweet’s Ed. of Gregory’s Pastoral Gare, p. 474: again, vaztir is akin to vatr
= vatn; exceptional cases, - vissi, pret. from vita, and sess, a seat. H.
after a single dental (unless it be t) s, not #, is written; thus, gen. Guðs,
boðs, brauÖs, auðs, góðs, óÖs, vaÖs, liðs, öls, fals, håls, frjáls, vins, eins,
etc,, passim: z is quite exceptional, e. g. liðz, Frissb. 106, 11. 16, 33 (but
liðs, Hbl. 33, Am. 43): so also after rn, ri, ni, rn, fn, gn, barns, Glem. 234;
karls, Hkv. 2. 2; jarls’ Hm. 97; hrafns, segls, regns, tungls (regns, Edda
ii» 340). The vellums are very irregulär in the distinction of a single or
double consonant, but the sibilant used shews the true form of the word;
in C0dz Colssonar, 0. H. (pref.) 1. 11, the z and s shew the names to be
Oddr and Kolr, not Óðr, Kollr; in a vellum els would be gen. of ei, ellz of
eldr; in grunz, Edda ii. 287; lunz 317; hlunz, ranz, lanz, 333; elz, Post.
(Unger) 234; golz, 225, 1. 23; odz, 0. H. (pref.), 1. 11; alz, etc., the z shews
that though there is only one n, l, etc. written, they were actually sounded
double, grunnz, hlunnz, rannz, landz, eldz, gollz, oddz, allz. 2. the s
does not change into z if the word is a compd; as, skåld-skapr, vind-svalr,
ut-suðr, passim; hirð-stjóri, Edda, ii. 335, shewing that in ancient times
the pronunciation was more distinct than at the present day; the z in
orðztir (Edda, ii. 344, orztir, 463) shews that the word is qs. orðz-tirr;
yet we find such forms as innzigli, Post. 238; guðzspjall, 239; ástzamliga,
243; bandzceld, Bari.; randzaka, Post. 134, 1. 29; but rannsaka, 1. 14:
nauzyn = nauðsyn, Skalda 167.21; nauzun, Edda ii. 236; anzvara, annzkoti,
= andsvara, andskoti, etc. 111. about the 15th Century (or earlier) the
z sound began to disappear, and s took its place, being at present the
only sibilant used in Icel. In låter vellums the z is therefore either little
used or is misapplied, as in the additions by the third hand in the
Flatey-book, or it is used to excess as in modern Dutch. In modern spelling,
including Editions of Sagas, the z has been disused, except in the instances
coming under the rule given in I. 4: yet with exception of ðs, for the
moderns write leið sia, hræðsla, beiðsla, náðst, old leizla, názt, except in
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